Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Education Policies and Implementation in Pakistan: Presented By:Farrukh Nazir
Education Policies and Implementation in Pakistan: Presented By:Farrukh Nazir
Implementation in Pakistan
Presented By :Farrukh Nazir
Education policy
• Education policy is the principles and government policy-
making in educational sphere, as well as the collection of laws
and rules that govern the operation of education systems.
(wikipedia2013).
• Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through
many institutions.
• Examples include early childhood education, kindergarten
through to 12th grade, two and four year colleges or universities,
graduate and professional education, adult education and job
training.
• Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education
people engage in at all ages.
Goals of Education Policy
1. Improve the academic success of all students by strengthening
standards-based reforms, including assessments and
accountability measures.
2. Establish and maintain a statewide education finance system
based upon principles of adequacy, equity, accountability and
predictability.
3. Build effective educational capacity to support learning by all
students, with special emphasis on the need to ensure a
qualified teacher in every classroom at all times.
Goals of Education Policy
4. Ensure that all every school shall have school leaders who
will promote and support high achievement for all students
through effective instructional leadership, school management
and governance.
5. Enact state policies that shall ensure that every young child in
the state shall have access to high-quality early education
programs including pre-school and full-day kindergarten.
6. Ensure that all citizens of all ages shall have practical financial
and physical access to a rich range of post-secondary
educational opportunities.
Education in Pakistan at the time of
Independence
• Committee dwelt on the problems and constraints facing the task and
identified issues of training adult school teachers, teaching materials and
literature for adult schools, instruction methodologies, etc.
• In the sixth year, about 500,000 persons were to be made literate with
an annual increase of 300,000 thereafter.
• The policy was never implemented on account of the war with India,
secession of East Pakistan, and the collapse of the military
government.
Country's literacy status:
• At the time of the emergence of the "new" Pakistan in 1972, the
country's literacy status was as follows:
• Overall literacy rate was 21.7 percent, urban literacy was 41.5
percent, rural literacy was 14.3 percent,
• Male literacy was 30.2 percent, and female literacy was 11.6 percent.
Rural female literacy was 4.7 percent.( Kaiser Bengali 1999)
The Education Policy:1972-1980
The 1972-1980 Education Policy was drafted in a somewhat
matter of fact tone and refrained from philosophical
pronouncements.
Objectives:
• Policy aimed at “eradicating illiteracy within the shortest possible
time through universalization of elementary education and a massive
adult education programme.
• Equalizing access to education through provision of special
facilities for women.
• Under-privileged groups and mentally-retarded and physically-
handicapped children and adults in all areas in general and the
backward areas in particular will give preference.
The Education Policy: 1972-80
• Policy declared that education will be made free and universal up to class x for
all children throughout the country in both government and privately-managed
schools.
• Private schools will be suitably supported for the loss of fees incurred by them.
Salient features:
• The 1979 Education Policy was presented one year after the launching of the
Fifth Five Year Plan, with a change of target dates.
• The Fifth Plan proposed to enroll all boys of Class I age by 1982-83 and
achieve universal enrolment for the entire age group (5-9) by 1986-87
• the 1979 Policy proposed to achieve the same by 1987 and 1992,
respectively..
• The Policy was presented as “the first in recognizing the great potentials of
our indigenous institutions and patronizing them for bringing about greater
educational development”.
National Education Policy and Implementation Programme:
1979
• The Policy aimed at providing a minimum acceptable level of
functional literacy and fundamental education to all citizens of the
country particularly the young, irrespective of their faith, caste, and
creed in order to enable them to participate productively in the total
national effort.
• The Policy also provided for an elaborate adult education programme.
Implementation
5. Using general schools as technical schools in the evening shift to capture the
drop-outs of general education.
Concerned Issues
• Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the region currently estimated at about
34 per cent.
• The literacy ratios have been further aggravated because of the absence of meaningful
literacy programmes and a rapid population growth.
• Consequently, all children who are not enrolled, and those who drop-out early, join
the multitude of illiterates every year.
• Ignoring the existence of LAMEC, it also bemoaned that: “At present there is no
national programme of adult literacy.
Recommendations
• As it primary objective, the Policy stated thus: “Basic education for all shall be
pursued not merely as a sect oral target, but as an integral part of human development
plan.
• The raising of the collective ego of the nation through a facilitated, efficient and
effective educational system remains the primary goal of the policy.
• It hoped that the measures will lift the system to a respectable level of excellence
during its growth in the next 10 years.
• it proposed to ensure 100 per cent participation of children in education at the primary
level by the year 2002, and to eradicate illiteracy through formal and non-formal
methods.
Recommendations
• It also proposed to “increase the literacy rate to 70 per cent by the year 2002.
• A major shift in strategy also occurred, in the sense that it proposed to shift
most of the adult education programmes to non-governmental organizations,
to be supported through ‘incentive’ grants from provincial and federal
Education foundations.
• The Policy proposed what it called innovations as “a tool for quantum jump
towards excellence.”
1. All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of
law.
2. There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone.
3. Nothing in this constitution shall present the state from making any
special provision for the protection of women and children.
Salient Features of National Education Policy 1998 -2010
• Education and training should enable the citizens of Pakistan to lead their
lives according to the teachings of Islam as laid down in the Qur'an and
Sunnah and to educate and train them as a true practicing Muslim.
• To evolve an integrated system of national education by bringing Deeni
Madaris and modern schools closer to each stream in curriculum and the
contents of education.
• Nazira Qur'an will be introduced as a compulsory component from grade
I-VIII
• While at secondary level translation of the selected verses from the Holy
Qur'an will be offered.
Salient Features of National Education
Policy 1998-2010
Literacy and Non-Formal Education:
• The current literacy rate of about 39% will be raised to 55% during the first five years
of the policy and 70% by the year 2010
• Functional literacy and income generation skills will be provided to rural women of
15 to 25 age.
• Functional literacy will be imparted to adolescents (10-14) who missed out the chance
of primary education.
• The existing disparities in basic education will be reduced to half by year 2010.
Salient Features of National Education
Policy 1998-2010
Elementary Education:
• About 90% of the children in the age group (5-9) will be enrolled in schools by
year 2002-03.
• Gross enrolment ratio at primary level will be increased to 105% by year 2010
and Compulsory Primary Education Act will be promulgated and enforced in a
phased manner.
• Full utilization of existing capacity at the basic level has been ensured by
providing for introduction of double shift in existing school of basics education.
• Curriculum for secondary and higher secondary will be revised and multiple
textbooks will be introduced.
• The participation rate will be increased from 31% to 48% by 2002-03.
Salient Features of National Education
Policy 1998-2010
Teacher Education:
• To increase the effectiveness of the system by
institutionalizing in-service training of teachers, teacher
trainers and educational administrators through school
clustering and other techniques.
• The contents and methodology parts of teacher education
curricula will be revised.
• Both formal and non-formal means shall be used to provide
increased opportunities of in-service training to the working
teachers, preferably at least once in five years.
Salient Features of National Education
Policy 1998-2010
Technical and Vocational Education:
•To improve the quality of technical education so as to enhance the chances of employment of
Technical and vocational Education (TVE) graduates by moving from a static, supply-based
system to a demand-driven system.
•Development of technical competence, communication skills, safety and health measures and
entrepreneurial skills etc. shall be reflected in the curricula.
Higher Education :
• Access to higher education shall be expanded to at least 5% of the age group 17-23
by the year 2010.
• Merit shall be the only criterion for entry into higher education.
• Access to higher education, therefore, shall be based on entrance tests.
• Reputed degree colleges shall be given autonomy and degree awarding status.
• Local M.Phil. And PhD programs shall be launched and laboratory and library
facilities will be strengthened
• Students from backward areas, who clear entry tests, would compete amongst
themselves.
• In order to eliminate violence, all political activities on the campus shall be banned.
Salient Features of National Education Policy 1998-2010
Information Technology:
• Computers shall be introduced in secondary schools in a phased manner.
• Mobile library services for semi-urban and remote rural areas shall be introduced.
Salient Features of National Education
Policy 1998-2010
Private Sector in Education
• Encouraging private investment in education.
• Schools running on non-profit basis shall be exempted from all taxes.