DHAULAGIRI MULTIPLE CAMPUS

BBA PROGAMME
BAGLUNG

Project Work Of Computer

TOPIC
COMPUTER SYSTEM

Submitted By:
Alisa Pun
Submitted To:
Subash khadka

BBA
1st Semester
 Contents:
• Computer System
• Input Device
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
• Operating System
 Introduction to Computer

Computer System- The combination of input,Processing,output

and storage is called computer system.
Characteristics of computer-
1. Speed- The computer can perform it’s task at a very high speed. The time
taken by the computer to perform any task is called speed. The speed of
a micro computer is measured in MHZ, the speed of mainframe
computer is measured in MIPS and super computer is measure in FLOPS.
2. Accuracy- The computer is accurate machine. It can perform large
number task without making any error. If we give any wrong data to the
computer, it returns the same wrong information called(GIGO). (Note:
The wrong information given to the compuer is called garbage in garbage
out)
3. Diligence- The capacity of work performed by computer without getting
tired is called diligence. It can perform large number of task without
feeling bored.
4. Word length- The number of bit that a computer can process at a
time in parallel is called word length. Word length of computer
8,16,32,64 etc.
Versatility- Computer can perform multiple task at a time. We can
use computer to prepare powerpoint, downloading, listening
number of data etc.

5. Storage- Computer can store a large number of data at a

time. The storage capacity of computer is measured in
terms of kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte.
6. Automatic- Computer is an automatic machine. It can
perform the work without intervention of user.
Types of Computer:
On the basis of work
• Analog computer- The computer which are used to
measure the natural and physical value is called analog
computer.
Features of Analog computer
-Analog computer always work on a continuous data.
-It works on real time basis.
-It don’t have any storage capacity.
-Analog computer are not accurate as digital computer.

• Digital computer- The computer which work on binary digits i.e

(0,1) is called digital computer.
Features of Digital computer
-Digital computer always work on discontinuous data.
-They have large storage capacity.
-They are accurate machine.
-The result of digital computer is very high.
• Hybrid computer- The combination of analog and digital computer
is called hybrid computer.
Features of Hybrid computer
-It is expensive computer.
-Hybrid computer can performed its task on continuous data.
-Hybrid computer are used in ct. scan, MRI, and in large lab.
On the basis of size
* Super computer- It is the most expensive computer. Multi users can
used supercomputer to store large amount of data. The working speed
of supercomputer is very high. A number of RISC (Reduced instruction
set computer) processor is used. It word length starts from 64 bits.

Application area of super computer

1. Used to forecast the weather and global climate.
2. Used in military research and defense.
3. Study of DNA structure and gene engineering.
4. In automobile, aircraft and spacecraft designing.
5. Digital film rendering.
*Mainframe computer-It is also very powerful multiuser
computer but less than that of super computer. It has the
capacity to respond several hundred request of clients.
Its word length is 48 and 64 bits.
Application area of Mainframe computer
1. Bank account management.
Business data processing in large organization.
3. Air traffic control system.
4. industrial design.
Credit card processing.

*Mini computer- It is a large and more powerful then micro

computer but smaller than mainframe computer. It can used by
multiuser upto 100 uses. It is used in university, branches of an
organization research etc.
*Micro computer- It is also called personal computer. It is widely used
at home, office etc. it consist micro process which can store data
less than that of super computers, mainframe computer and mini
computers. It is popular among students, professionals etc.
Types of micro computer
1. Desktop computer: The most common type of personal computer
is the desktop computer a PC thart is designed to sit on or under a
desk or table. These are the system which we can see in office,
home, school etc.
2. Laptop: The smallest computer which is fit in our lap is called
laptop. They are used by students in order to search different data,
which are portable from one place to another.
3. Handheld: The smallest computer on the basis of micro
computer is handheld computer. It is small in size and can held
in our palmor hand. It can store data according to its
configuration.
On the basis of Brand
-Apple

Limitations of computer
• Computer is non-intelligent machine. It cannot think by itself.
• Instruction are needed to perform its task.
• Repair and maintenance are required frequently.
• Skill user is required to work inside the computer.
• It cannot be used on the dusty and the rough environment.
Generation of computer
The classification of computers on the basis of storage capacity, size,
increasing speed etc. is called generation of computer.
The generation of computer is classified in five different generation.
1st generation(1941-1954)
2nd generation(1954-1964)
3rd generation(1965-1975)
4th generation(1975-1990)
5th generation(1990-till now)
• Features of 1st generation
1. Vacume tube was used as the main components.
2. Punch card was used as input/output device.
3. Processing speed was measured in milli second.
4. They consume lots of heat and electricity.
5. The size of 1st generation computer was huge.
6. Mll was used as the programming language.
7. Eg: Mark I, ENIVAC etc.
• Features of 2nd generation
1. Transistor was used as the main components.
2. Punch card was used as input/output device.
3. Processing speed was measured in micro second.
4. They consume less electricity and heat.
5. ALL was used as a programming language.
6. Eg: IBM 1401, IBM 1404

• Features of 3rd generation

1. IC was used as the main component.
2. Keyboard mouse was used as input/output device.
3. Processing speed was measured in nano second.
4. HLL was used as a programming language.
5. They consume less heat and electricity.
6. Eg: Micro computers, desktop etc.
Features of 4th generation
1. Micro processor(LSI, VLSI) was used as the main component.
2. Keyboard mouse, touchpad were used as a input/output device.
3. Processing speed was measured in pico second.
4. The size of the computer were reduce to pocket size.
5. They consume less amount of heat and electricity.

• Features of 5th generation

1. AI and Biochip was used as a main component.
2. Keyboard, mouse, touch screen, touchpad and monitor were used
as input/output device.
3. The speed of 5th generation computer was measured in parallel size.
4. They consume less electricity and heat.
5. The size of the computer were reduce to palm size.
6. They were able to understand the natural language.
7. I pad, Iphone etc.
Unit-2
INPUT DEVICE
Input device- The instruction given to the computer by the user is
called input device. Eg: mouse, keyboard, microphone, scanner,
touch panel, MICR, OBR, OCR.
Keyboard- A keyboard is a analogous to the keyboard of a type writer.
It contains alphabets(A to Z) digit(0-9) special characters(#,?*)etc
and some control keys. When a key is pressed an electrical signal is
produce which is detected by an electronic circuit called keyboard
encoder. Keyboard encoder may be special IC (integrator circuit) or
a single chips micro computer used as encoder. The function of
encoder is to detected which key has been pressed and send to
binary code to the computer eg: (ASCII) American Standard Code
For Information Interchange.
Some types of standard keyboard:
• XT(extended Technology)83 keys
• AT(Advanced Technology)101 keys
• Enhanced technology: 103 keys
Mouse- Mouse is a small handheld device used to positioning the cursor on
the screen. A selection can be made from a display menu by positioning the
cursor over the required selection. By the movement of mouse and pressing a
botton on the mouse to indicate that this is a required selection. Mouse can
be moved over other graphical component such as: combo box, list box etc.
and mouse botton can pressed to activate various control. They can be used
in art and design work.

• Types of mouse
1. Mechanical mouse
- A mechanical mouse is a computer mouse that contains a
metal or rubber ball on its under side. When the ball is rolled
in any direction, sensor inside the mouse detect this motion
and move the on-screen mouse pointer in the same
direction.
2. Optical mouse
-An optical mouse is a computer mouse which uses a light source, typically a
light emitting diode, and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes to
detect movement relatives to a surface.

Scanner- It is a device that converts any types of documents in

paper into digital format. Using scanner drawing, graphics,
photos, text can be convert to computer form by passing an
optical scanning mechanism over the information to be read.
A scanner work by digitalizing everything as an image divided
it into a grid of small dots called pixel and representing each
dots with RGB(Red Green Blue).
Types of scanner
1. OCR(Optical Character Readers)
-OCR stands for optical character reader. It is used for reading
text from paper and translating the image into a form that a
computer can manipulate . OCR reader scans the document
using the photo electric device to convert the shape into electric
signals. OCR is widely used in bank, airlines, poster office etc.

2. OBR(Optical Bar Reader)

-This method used a number of bars(lines) of varying thickness
and spacing between them to indicate the desire information.
Bar code are used on most grocery items. An OBR can read
such bars and convert them into electrical pulses to be
processed by a computer. The most common used bar code is
UPC (Universal Product Code).
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader)
-MICR has been used to read document written using special
ink made of magnetic materials called magnetic ink. MICR is
capable of reading characters on a paper written with magnetic
ink. The magnetic ink is magnetized during the input process.
• Uses of input device
-Input device are necessary to enter data and instruction into a
computer.
-An input device converts input data and instruction into suitable
binary form.
-Input device send data for processing and provide result through
output device.
• Microphone- It is a device that translate sound vibrations in the air
into electronic signal or scribes them to a recording medium.
Microphones enables many kinds as well as music and speech
recording.
Unit-3
OUTPUT DEVICE

Output- The data which we get after processing is called output.

There are two types of output:
I. Hardcopy output
-It is also called permanent output which can be touched and
felt. Eg; flex print, mark sheet etc.
II. Softcopy output
-It is also called temporary output which cannot be touched
and felt. Eg; Result seen in the monitor, sound from speaker.
Monitor:
The device which is used to display a result or information to
the user is called monitor.
Printer:
on of the most common method of producing human readable output is produce by
using printer. Printed output is usually refers to as hardcopy output and do not required