Evolution of Computer.

The evolution of computers started way back in the late 1930s. Binary arithmetic is at
the core of the computers of all times. History of computers dates back to the invention
of a mechanical adding machine in 1642. Abacus, an early computing tool, invention of
logarithm by John Napier and the invention of slide rules by William Ought red were
significant events in the evolution of computers.
Evolution of computer technology can be divided into five generations.
First generation computer consisted of vacuum tubes and they were used from 1943-
1958. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) computer is an example
of first-generation computer.
Second generation (1959-1965) computer consisted of transistors i.e. vacuum tubes were
replaced by transistors. Thus the size of the computer got reduced considerably.
Third generation (1966-1973) computer consisted of integrated circuits (IC) i.e. many
transistors in single silicon chip. A single IC has many transistors, registers and
capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon.
With the invention of microprocessor (1971), fourth generation of computer evolution
started and present-day computers are also categorized in the fourth generation.
The fifth-generation computers are under development. They are going to be based on
principles of artificial intelligence and natural language recognition. Developers are
aiming at computers capable of organizing themselves.

Computer is a programmed device with a group of instructions to perform specific

tasks and generate results at a really high speed. A Computer is an machine that can
solve difficult and different problems, process data, store & retrieve data and perform
calculations faster and accurately as compared from humans
However, modern computers can do tons quite calculate. Computer can be defined as a
machine which receives input stores it and then process the stored data as per the
instructions given by the user of the computer and finally gives the output as required.
Advantages of Computer :
Multitasking Multitasking – Multitasking Multitasking is one among the main
advantage of computer. Person can do multiple task, multiple operation at a same time,
calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform millions or
trillions of work in one second.
Speed – Now computer isn’t just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has
vital role in human life. One of the most advantages of computer is its incredible speed,
which helps human to finish their task in few seconds.
Cost/ Stores huge – Amount of knowledge it’s a coffee cost solution. Person can
save huge data within a coffee budget. Centralized database of storing information is
that the major advantage which will reduce cost
Accuracy – One among the basis advantage of computer is which will perform not
only calculations but also with accuracy.
Data Security – Protecting digital data is understood as data security.
Disadvantages of computer :
Virus and hacking attacks – Virus may be a worm and hacking is just an
unauthorized access over computer for a few illicit purpose. Virus can go to other
system from email attachment, viewing an infected website advertisement, through
removable device like USB etc.
Online Cyber Crimes – Online cyber-crime means computer and network may
have utilized in order to commit crime. Cyberstalking and fraud are the points which
comes under online cyber-crimes.
Reduction employed opportunity – Mainly past generation wasn’t used of the
pc or they need the knowledge of computer they faced an enormous problem when
computer came in field.
High cost – Computers are expensive. Even the foremost affordable computers are
still very expensive for the typical person in South Africa. Since computers empower
people.
Distractions/disruptions – If you’ve got ever spent hours browsing the web or
watching videos on YouTube, then you recognize how distracting computers can be!
Because of their high entertainment value
Types Of Computers.
Computers are of various types and they can be categorized in two ways on the basis of
size and on the basis of data handling capabilities.
So, on the basis of size, there are five types of computers:
1. Supercomputer
2. Mainframe computer
3. Minicomputer
4. Workstation
5. PC (Personal Computer)
And on the basis of data handling capabilities, there are three types of computer:
1. Analogue Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
1) Supercomputer: they are the biggest and fastest computers. They are
designed in such a way that they can process huge amount of data like processing
trillions of data just in seconds. It is because of thousands of interconnected
processors in supercomputers.
2) Mainframe Computers: They are designed in such a way that they can
support hundreds or thousands of users at the same time. So, that they can
execute different processes simultaneously.
3) Minicomputers: It is a medium sized multiprocessing computers. In this type
of computer there are two processors and it can support 4 to 200 users at the
same time
4) Workstation: It is designed for scientific and technical appreciation. It
consists of fast microprocessor with large amount of RAM. It is a single user
computer.
 5) PC (Personal Computer): It is basically general use computer for
individual use. It consists of microprocessor as CPU (Central Processing Unit). It
is suitable for personal works such as making assignment, watching movie, at
office for office work. Etc
On the basis of data.
1. Analogue Computer: It is particularly designed to process analogue data.
Continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values is
called analogue data. So, an analogue computer is used where we don’t need exact
values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure etc
2. Digital Computer: Digital computers are designed in such a way that it can
easily perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It takes raw data
as an input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the
final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is
converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to
produce the result or final output
3. Hybrid Computers: the hybrid computer is a combination of both analogue
and digital computers. Hybrid computers are fast like an analogue computer and
have memory, and accuracy like a digital computer. So, it has the ability to
process both continuous and discrete data. So, it is widely used in specialized
applications where both analog and digital data is required to be processed. A
processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel
flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.

Block Diagram of Computer.

The block diagram of a computer represents the various units present in the computer.
There are mainly 5 units in a computer.

 Input unit
 Output unit
 Memory unit
 Arithmetic and Logic unit
 Control Unit

INPUT UNIT
 It helps in maintaining the input devices of a computer. The input devices are
used to input data into the computer. The examples of input devices are mouse,
keyboard, joystick, light pen etc.

OUTPUT UNIT
It helps in the maintanence of output devices. The output devices are used to display the
results on the screen so that it can be seen by the user. The examples of output devices
are monitor, printer, plotter etc.

MEMORY UNIT
The information in computer is stored in the memory. There are 2 types of memory-
Primary memory and Secondary memory. Primary memory is also called RAM and is
volatile. The main disadvantage of primary memory is that the data will be lost when
power fails. Thus the data in primary memory is temporary. Secondary memory is non
volatile. The advantage of secondary memory is that the data will never be lost even if
the power fails. Thus the data stored in secondary memory will be permanent. The
examples of secondary memory are pen drive, cd, dvd etc.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit is used to perform the operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc as well the logical operations such as
comparison, >=, <=, = etc.

CONTROL UNIT
It is known as the brain of the computer.It is responsible for coordinating all the tasks

rotate
RAM Meaning
RAM is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily stored in the
module is erased when you restart or shut down your computer. Because the
information is stored electrically on transistors, when there is no electric current, the
data disappears. Each time you request a file or information, it is retrieved either from
the computer's storage disk or the internet. The data is stored in RAM, so each time you
switch from one program or page to another, the information is instantly available.
When the computer is shut down, the memory is cleared until the process begins again.
Volatile memory can be changed, upgraded, or expanded easily by users.

ROM Meaning
ROM is non-volatile memory, which means the information is permanently stored on
the chip. The memory does not depend on an electric current to save data, instead, data
is written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile memory is used for parts of
the computer that do not change, such as the initial boot-up portion of the software, or
the firmware instructions that make your printer run. Turning off the computer does
not have any effect on ROM. Non-volatile memory cannot be changed by users

BIOS Meaning
A computer's BIOS (basic input/output) is its motherboard firmware, the software that
runs at a lower level than the operating system and tells the computer what drive to
boot from, how much RAM you have, and controls other vital details like CPU
frequency.

Firmware Meaning
Firmware is a software written/coded with all the necessary instructions to run the
hardware. In fact firmware is also considered as the most fundamental thing whether it
is a phone or computer. Bios is Basic input output system is also manufacturer specific
software which gives all the instructions to all the hardware's in a computer .Bios is also
software that is placed in the bios chip on a motherboard.