Introduction

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar,

geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and
animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All
these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do
not cause environmental pollution. More over they do
not require heavy expenditure.
 Non renewable vs. Renewable

 Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are

termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced
are termed nonrenewable.

 Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a

rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and
depletion is usually not a worry.

 Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster

than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas).
 How much longer can we depend on Fossil
fuels?

 Because they are fossil fuels they do have a life

expectancy.

 Burning fossil fuels has increased atmospheric

pollution.

 The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as carbon

dioxide when they are burnt – this leads to the green house
effect and global warming.
Sectorwise Consumption of Electricity (Utilities)
during
2011-12

r
,
a
c
t
i
o
o
&
R
a
l
l
,
v
.
a i l
v
s
2%
O
th
er
s

t isti
Source wise and state wise estimated potentia o l f
renewab e lpowe n rINDIA
i as on 31.03.2012
Tot:al
~-iJulPaww
SmaUBydro Biomass C~eneratiOD- l\'aste to
Saim/urs Es iim:ated Dis iribation
P-.- Power b:ar;asse Ebur;y
~-wrses ~)

l 2 3 4 5 6 7
g
Andhla Pradesh 5394 seo 578 300 123 @55
7.75
Amnachal Pradesh 201 1334 g 0 0 1543 1.72
Assam 53 239 212 0 s 512 0.57
Bihar 0 213 619 300 73 1205 1.34
.
Chhamsgam 23 993 236 0 24 1276
1.42
Goa 0 7 26 0 0 33
0.04
G.tpaat 10609 197 1221 350 112 J~gg
13.91
Haryana 0 no 1333 350 24 1817 2.02
Hilmcha.l Ptadesh 20 2268 1-0 0 2 ~32
2.71
J.mDD & Kashmir 5311 1418 43 0 0 6772
7.54
Jha:::kband 0 209 90 0 10 309 034
Kamaraka 8591 ~48 1131 450 151 11071 12.33
Kera.la 790 70-l 10!4 0 36 2574
2.87
Madhya Pradesh 920 $0,J 1364 0 7S 3166
3.53
Maha.-asho:a 5-09 733 1887 1250 2S7 9596
10.69
Manipnr 7 109 u 0 2 131 0.15
Megha.laya +4 230 11 0 2 ~
0.32
MIZOram 0 167 1 0 2 170 0.19
Kagatmd 3 197 10 0 0 zio
0..23
Ocbsha 910 295 246 0 ~ l-H3
1.64
Pw:ijab 0 393 3172 300 ~5 3910
4.36
Rajasthan 5005 57 1039 0 62 6163
6.87
Sll.kim 9.8 266 2 0 0 366 0.41
TamlNadu 5374 660 1070 450 151 Ti'OS 8.58
Tiipw:a 0 41 3 0 2 52
0.06
Solar Energy
 Radiant Energy
Deut Helium
eriu
m

Ener
gy

Tritiu
m Neutron
Major uses of Solar Energy

Heating Water

Space Heating

Generating Electrical Energy

 Solar Technologies

 Day lighting
 Passive Solar
Heating
Concentrating
Solar Thermal
Photovoltaic's
(PV
)
Passive Solar

These homes in Montana and California with a passive solar design

heats the home in the winter.
How a Solar Power Plant Works

--
-
-
-
-
Power Tower
Photovoltaic Components

PV Cells

Modules

Arrays
Advantages of Solar Energy

Clean

Sustainable (can be used for longer duration)

Free of cost

Provide Electricity to Remote Places

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

 Inefficient – maximum efficiency up to 30%.

 Costly equipment.

 Part Time.

 High maintenance cost.

Photovoltaic Array Fields
Sandia National
Laboratories, US
 Th Tide
e s
HIGH
T ID
E

LO W
TIDE

• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels due to combined effect
of the Moon , the Sun and rotation of the Earth.
 Tidal Energy

' TIDE COM ENG EN

This tida .eI ect:.rf
I city .zi.en.eration work§. .a:::;.
the tide ca mas in and .ag.a n v.the
i n it goes
out. The 1:-u rb~ n es a re drivern by 'the power
aft he -=::iaaEn both direct on es, i
Tid Ener
al gy

• Millions of gallons of water flow onto shore during tidal flows

and away from shore during ebb (move away from the land)
tide periods.

• The larger the tidal influence, the greater the displacement of

water and therefore the more potential energy that can be
harvested during power generation.
• Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower
generation.

• Tidal power has many advantages as compared to

other forms of renewable energy.

– It is predictable

– Global Climate Change should only increase its

generating capacity due to higher ocean levels.

– It is completely carbon neutral like wind or hydro

energy.
Tid Strea Generat
al m ors
 Tid Strea Generat
al m ors
• The world’s only operational commercial-
scale tidal turbine, SeaGen, was installed in
Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in
2008.

• The prototype SeaGen turbine produces

1.2MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The
capacity factor exceeds 60%.

• The facility is an accredited UK power

station, and can contribute up to 6,000MWh
annually to the UK grid, the equivalent of
approximately 1500 homes.
Tid Strea GeneratSpecifi
al m or cs
Advantage usin Tid Powe
s of g al r
• Predictable source of “green" energy during lifetime of
barrage
• It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs
no fuel.
• Not expensive to maintain.
• Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the
potential energy of the water into electricity
• Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in
series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of generating
electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing
fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy
generation facilities
Disadvanta o usin Tid Powe
ges f g al r
• A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to
build, and affects a very wide area – the environment
is changed for many miles upstream and downstream
• It provides power for around 10 hours each day,
when the tide is actually moving in or out, which is not
very much
• Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered, with
new species moving in and perhaps dominating old
species
• Tidal power schemes have a high capital cost
Environme Impac o Tid Strea
ntal ts f al m
Generatio
n
 Environme Effec
ntal ts
• A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. A
proposal for the Severn Barrage, if built, has been projected to
save 18 million tones of coal per year of operation. This
decreases the output of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere.

• If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during the 21st century,

as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the
alternative source of energy that will need to be developed to
satisfy the human demand for energy.
 Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is h e a inside the e a r t

t h.
Wha i Ge therma
t s o l?
Geothermal comes from the
Greek words G (earth) and
e thermos
(hot).
Thus, geothermal energy means
hea insidth eart
t e e h.
Th Eart I Mad o
e h L a ys e e f
r s Atiron.the center is a c o r e of molten
Around that is an outer core of iron and
rock so hot that rock is in molted
state.
The liquid rock is called m a g m a .

The next layer is a mixture of rock and

magma called the m a n t l e .

The shell of the earth – with the oceans

and mountains - is called the c r u s
t.
Hea Insidth Eart
t e e h

• The inside of the earth is

very hot.

• We can use this heat to

warm our houses and
produce electricity.
 Ho D W Us Ge therm
w o e En
e e r go al
• y?
Today, power plants use
s t e a m from
geothermal wells to
• The steam is used to spin
make
t u r b electricity.
ines.

• The turbines spin

magnets in coils of copper
wire to make e l e c t r i c i
ty.
 Wher Ca W Fin Geo ther
e n eE nde r g m a l
• y?
The most active geothermal
g e y s e r are
resources volcanoes
usually are concentrated.
found where
s,
e a r t h q u a k e s occur v o l c a n
oes,hotsprings,
Ge therm Ener i Clea &
o al Cghye a p .s n
 No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution.
 The steam is turned into water and put back into
the earth.
 Geothermal energy is c h e a p – new power
plants
can make electricity for about the same as coal
power plants.
Ge therm powepla i
o al U rS nt n
A
Phot o Ge therm powepla
o f o al r nt
Hydroelectric Energy
Layout Of Hydel power plant
 Location Of hydro power
plants
 Generally located near rivers
 Dams
 Streams
 High pressure water sources
 Chief Joseph Dam in Washington
• Produces 2069
MW; Grand
Coulee is 6465
MW!
• The other kind
of dam is the
storage dam
with a high
reservoir
Chief Joseph Dam “Fish Ladder”
• Fish ladder to allow fish to bypass the
dam and turbines
• Federal fish counters identify and tally
them
 Electrical Switch Yard at a Dam

• Bonneville
Dam upstream
from Portland
• Energy from
the turbines is
collected on
bus bars for
transmission
 After a transformer raises the voltage (and
decreases the current), the high lines connect to the
red-and-white tower’s insulators to be connected
into the grid
 Utah Dam Electrical Transformers
High
power has
three
phases,
thus three
single-
phase
transformer
s are used
for each
generator’s
output
 Working Of Water Wheels
• The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up
so the inertia and the weight of the water push
the wheel around

Water Flow
Hydroelectric Power Plants in India
Continued …
Continued …
Wind Energy
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe

the process by which the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity
 Common Wind Turbine Construction
or-Box
Fll i["mis&ion
Moin .;J Generator
Hub Shatt / Brake
Rotor
..
.

eec.l
H ·
o
· u
s
i
• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft
n
• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed
g
(40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range)
• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator
Contd….
How Wind Power Works Horiz ntal-axis Turbine

Rotor Blade ------------te. Tower

Nacelle----------..

Hub------~~~-

Low-speed High-speed
Shaft Shaft

Rotor Hub Gearbox

Transfor
mer

Brake Brake Generator

Sizes and Applications

Small ( 10 kW)
• Homes Intermediate
• Farms (10-250 kW)
• Remote Application • Village Power
- , I
• Hybrid Systems
'
I • Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind
Location of wind farms
o Mountains or hilly areas
o It can be build even on sea sides or
oceans
3D View of 1.5 mw turbine
ADVANTAGES OF WIND
POWER
1. No by-product is produced
2. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up
only a small plot of land.
3. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity
power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own
supply.
4. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which
means a vast range of people and businesses can use
DISADVANTAGES WIN
OF D
POWER:
1. Not uniform
2. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph).
3. Capacity of wind turbines is less.
4. Less efficiency (About 30%)
 Renewable energy scenario in India
Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in
1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was
established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister.
The range of its activities cover

1. Promotion of renewable energy technologies,

2. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy
technologies,
3.Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,
4.Renewable energy resource assessment,
5.Research and development,
6.Demonstration,
7.Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics,
cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units.
Questions?
THANK YOU