History of Machine

Translation
 History of Machine Translation

• 17th century
• Before 1950
• the first wave
• MT Paradigms
 17th century
• searching for a system of representing each
unique concept with corresponding linguistic
symbol, but the schemas of perfect reunion
of words and concepts doomed to fail
• the semiotic exploration laid foundations for
later semantic schemas
 searching for a system of representing each unique concept with
corresponding linguistic symbol, but the schemas of perfect reunion of
words and concepts doomed to fail

• Francis Bacon
• Marin Mersenne
• René Descartes
 Francis Bacon
•
 Marin Mersenne
•
 René Descartes
•
the semiotic exploration laid foundations for later
semantic schemas

•
 Before 1950
• Georges Artsrouni (1933) a mechanical
bilingual dictionary
• Warren Weaver (1949) memorandum- the
first to suggest that computers might be
used in translatiion--cryptography
Georges Artsrouni (1933) a mechanical
bilingual dictionary
• 红色
Warren Weaver (1949) memorandum- the first to suggest that
computers might be used in translatiion--cryptography

• 橙色
 Warren Weaver (1949) memorandum- the first to suggest that
computers might be used in translatiion--cryptography

• Vauquois Triangle (1968)

 Vauquois Triangle (1968)
•
 the first wave
• Bar-Hillel's Survey (1951)
• 1st MT conference (1952)
• 1st public MT demonstration system(1954)
 Bar-Hillel's Survey (1951)
• technology capable of storing large
vocabularies required
• human can serve as pre/post-editors
• morphological analysis, basic syntactic
analysis and transformation & reordering
as fundamental processes proposed
 technology capable of storing large
vocabularies required
•
 human can serve as pre/post-editors

•
 morphological analysis, basic syntactic analysis and
transformation & reordering as fundamental processes proposed

•
 1st MT conference (1952)
•
 1st public MT demonstration
system(1954)
• a set of handcrafted rules and a small
vocabulary used to translation a fixed set
of sentences from Russian to English
 a set of handcrafted rules and a small vocabulary used to
translation a fixed set of sentences from Russian to English

•
 MT Paradigms
• Rule-based approaches
• Corpus-based approaches
• Current trends
 Rule-based approaches
• Direct Transfer
• Analysis-transfer-generation
• Interlingua
 Direct Transfer
•
 Analysis-transfer-generation
• 3 processes are proposed (see Vauquois
Triangle)
3 processes are proposed (see Vauquois
Triangle)
•
 Interlingua
• source text analysis resulted in language-
independent intermediate representation
• generating target text from intermediate
representation
 source text analysis resulted in language-
independent intermediate representation

• 优先级 1
generating target text from intermediate
representation
• 优先级 2
source tokens transformed directly into target language,
with little or no source analysis

•
 Corpus-based approaches
• Example-based MT
• Word-based statistical MT (1990s)
• Phrase-based SMT (early 20th cent.)
• Syntactic SMT (late 20th cent.)
 Example-based MT
• 优先级 1
 Word-based statistical MT (1990s)

• 优先级 2
 Word-based statistical MT (1990s)

• IBM Statistical Machine Translation

 IBM Statistical Machine Translation

•
 Phrase-based SMT (early 20th cent.)

• 优先级 3
 Phrase-based SMT (early 20th cent.)

• Pharaoh- the 1st widely available system

• Moses- an extended, standard system
• Google Translate
Pharaoh- the 1st widely available system

•
 Moses- an extended, standard system

•
 Google Translate
•
 Syntactic SMT (late 20th cent.)

•
 Current trends
• neural network
 neural network
•
searching for a universal language that could recover the
lost language in biblical Adam