Basic principle of degumming

Quality
Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI)
• Ohmic pre treatment (Daniel and Iwan)
• Optimizing unsaturated fatty acid (Aida and Nina)
• Metathesized palm oil (Ameera and Faraain)
• Palm oil crystallization (Syahir and Farid)
• Catalytic cracking of palm oil (Khalid and Haikal)
• Fractionation (Asyraf and Amir)

• Due date:
Refining Process
• Refining process: To remove undesired products from crude oil, such
as non-triglycerides components, phosphatides, FFA, pigments (i.e.
chlorophyll), metal ions, oxidized products, odors and flavors.
• To preserve valuables vitamins
• Protection of oil against degradation
• Carried out following extraction process (screw press/solvent
extraction)
• Degumming (removal of phosphatides)  Neutralization (removal of
FFA)Bleaching (remove color(  Deodorization
Water degumming
• Addition of water. After certain time, the hydrated phosphatides can
be separated by settling and centrifugation.
• Phosphatides are formed when the oil absorb water that causes some
of the Phosphatides to become hydrated and water insoluble.
Dry acid degumming
• For processing oils with low gum contents such as palm oil, kernel oil,
or animal fats.
• The conditioned gums are absorbed into the bleaching earth and are
separated by filtration.
• Low energy consumption
• Low operation and maintenance cost
Wet acid degumming
• Oil with higher gum contents (i.e. corn oil).
• To achieve gum hydration: water is added following acid apportioning.
The gums are removed by separator prior to bleaching.
• Consumption of bleaching earth is reduced due to extensive
degumming.
Bleaching
• Temperature : 90-120 °
• Contact period : 20-30 min
• Bleaching agents adsorb most of the residual color of the remaining oil after
neutralisation
• Performed under reduced pressure
• Type and amount of bleaching agent highly influence the process parameters
• 2 major processes: 1) Batch process; 2) Continuous process
• Bleaching agent:
1) Fuller’s earth (natural clay-very adsorptive, consists of minerals that belong to the
aluminum silicate family, main component is bentonite-montmorillonite)
2) Acid activated bleaching earth: Catalytic property, main property related to
degradation of peroxide, results in the formation of trans fatty acids
3) Activated carbon: derived from a variety of coal, large adsorbent surface area in
small volume
Deodorization
• Last stage of refining process
• To eliminate FFA and odoriferous substances
Improved deodorisation
Summary
• Steam sterilization: inactivating lipase and microorganism, and then
subjecting to fruit removal for separating into empty bunch and palm
fruits due to steaming, and the separated palm fruits undergo
pressing
• separated palm fruits are separated into pressed palm oil and pressed
cake fibers so as to obtain pressed palm oil.
• pressed palm oil is subjected to the clarification process by gravity
separation and centrifugation so as to obtain the crude palm oil.
• In the physical refining method, for example, the crude palm oil obtained
undergoes degumming due to acid, bleaching due to absorbent such as
clay/activated carbon and the like, and deacidifying and deodorizing due
to reduced pressure steam distillation so that refined palm oil is
produced. Since a physical refining method has an advantage of a better
yield, it has been widely used in palm oil refining.
• In the chemical refining method, for example, the crude palm oil obtained
undergoes degumming due to acid, deacidifying due to alkali, water
washing for removing out the surplus of alkali and soap after the
deacidifying, bleaching due to absorbent such as clay/activated carbon
and the like, and deodorizing by reduced pressure steam distillation so
that refined palm oil is produced. However, in the case of the chemical
refining method, although it shows better refining effect, the yield of
refined palm oil is not good, so that in recent years, it has not been
carried out as a palm oil refining method