NOZZLE

MAXIMUM DISCHARGE CONDITION

Presented by : Y Sharmisha
NOZZLE :
A steam nozzle can be defined as passage of varying cross-section through
which heat energy of steam is converted to kinetic energy. Its major function is to produce steam
with high velocity to drive the steam turbines.
• A nozzle is normally designed for maximum discharge by designing a certain throat pressure
which produces this condition.
• p1 = Initial pressure of steam in N/m2.
• A = Cross-sectional area of nozzle at throat, in m2.
• There is only one value of the ratio p2 /p1 , which produces maximum discharge from
the nozzle.

Types of Nozzles:

1. Convergent Nozzle
2. Divergent Nozzle
3. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Convergent Nozzle: A typical convergent nozzle is shown in fig. in a convergent nozzle, the cross sectional area
decreases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is used in a case where the back pressure is equal to or greater than the critical
pressure ratio.

Divergent Nozzle: The cross sectional area of divergent nozzle increases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is
used in a case, where the back pressure is less than the critical pressure ratio.

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle: In this case, the cross sectional area first decreases from its entrance to throat,
and then increases from throat to exit.it is widely used in many type of steam turbines.
 Discharge through the Nozzle and condition for its Maximum Value:
Let p1 = Initial pressure of steam,
v1 = initial volume of 1kg of steam at pressure p1(m3),
p2 = Steam pressure at the throat,
v2 = Volume of 1kg of steam at pressure p2(m3),
A = Cross-Sectional area of nozzle at throat (m2), and
C = Velocity of steam (m/s).

The steam flowing through the nozzle follows the equation below:
pvn = Constant
where, n = 1.135 for saturated steam, and
= 1.3 for superheated steam
Work done per kg of steam during the cycle (Rankine area)

= (p1v1 – p2v2)

And, Gain in kinetic energy = Adiabatic heat drop = Work done during Rankine cycle.
  = (p1v1 - p2v2)

= p1v1 1 - equation-----1

Also, p 1 v1 n = p2v2n

= equation-----2

v2 = v1 equation-----3

Now, substituting the value of v2/v1 from the equation 2 in equation 1, we get :

=
  = 2

= equation ---------4

If is the mass of steam discharged in kg/sec,

Then , = equation----------5

Substituting the value of from equation 3 in equation 5 :

= (substituting from equation 4)

  =

= equation------------6

It is obtained from above equation that there is only 1 value of the critical pressure ratio, which will produce the
maximum discharge. This can be obtained by differentiating ‘’ with respect to and equating it to “ZERO”,

As other quantity except the ratio are constant,

= 0
= 0
 

= equation----------7

Max. discharge from nozzle depends on this pressure ratio

Hence the discharge through the nozzle will be the maximum when critical pressure ratio i.e.,

= =

For Saturated Steam : = 1.135

= = 0.58
 For Superheated Steam :

= = 0.546

Substituting the value of from equation 7 into the equation 6 we get the maximum discharge,

=
  =

Simplifying the above equation we get

= equation-------------8

Maximum Mass Flow Rate:

= =