DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

GE8071-DISASTER MANAGEMENT
UNIT V DISASTER MANAGEMENT: APPLICATIONS AND CASE
STUDIES AND FIELD WORKS

PREPARED BY
Mr.M.RAMESH KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 EARTHQUAK
Earthquake is definedE as the shaking of
Earth’s surface due to any reason which
results in release of large amount of energy.

Earthquakes are a major cause of concern

for Civil Engineers because the effect of
this disaster is measured in terms of extent
damage.
 Basic Terms Related
to
Earthquake
1.Focus - The point
inside the surface of the
earth from where the
earthquake originates is
the focus or hypocenter.

2.Epicenter- The point

on the earth’s surface
vertically above the focus
is the epicenter.
 3. Magnitude – Magnitude is a quantitative measure
of the earthquake size. It is a measure of amount of
energy release during the earthquake. The magnitude of
an earthquake is generally measured on Richter scale.

A relationship b/w energy released by an earthquake

and its magnitude is given as follows :-
log E = 11.4+1.5M

4. Intensity – Intensity is a qualitative measure of the

earthquake. It is a way of measuring or rating the effects
of an earthquake at different sites.
 Causes of
Earthquake
Earthquakes
two reasons:-
are primarily caused due to

1.Natural disturbances
2.Artificial disturbances

Natural disturbances are further divided in

two categories:-
a)Volcanic causes
b)Tectonic causes
 Natural
1. Disturbances
Volcanic causes – Volcanic activity
keeps on taking place in several parts of
the world, it produces sudden out burst
or explosion. These earthquakes are not
very deep and of mild intensity. The
damage caused due to this type of
earthquake is confined within a few
kilometers. All
volcanic eruption don’t produce earthquake.
 2.Tectonic
Causes-
Tectonic causes are those which occur inside the earth
surface.
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Crust is
made up of rocks and is divided into many plates. These
plates are constantly in motion in different directions and
with different speeds. These plates have strain energy
stored in them.
The earthquake which occur due to sudden release of
strain energy as a result of sudden slip of fault is called as
tectonic earthquake.
More than 90% of total earthquakes are because of
tectonic reasons.
 Artificial Disturbances
Sometimes the surface of earth vibrates due to
man-made or artificial disturbance. These vibration
are very mild and affect the surrounding area.

Some of the artificial disturbances causing

earthquakes are :-
i.Nuclear tests and explosion.
ii.Mining blasts in the mining area.
iii.Large and deep excavations.
iv.A massive landslide along hill slopes caused
because of deforestation.
 What to do ?
Before an earthquake

During an

earthquake After an
 Before an
Earthquake
• Place heavier objects on lower shelves to prevent
breakage and personal injury.

• You should have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit.

• Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and

electricity.

• Install latches on cupboard doors to prevent

them from opening.
 During an
Earthquak
e
• Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If you're
outside, stay outside.

• Immediately take a safe location , if inside sit under a

table or desk, if outside come in an open atmosphere.

• Cover the back of your head and your eyes to

minimize injury from flying debris.

• Do not take elevators during an earthquake.

 After an
Earthquake
• Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for
anyone who needs it.

• Stay out of damaged buildings and damaged area.

• Be careful around broken glass. Wear boots or sturdy

shoes to keep from cutting your feet.

• Check gas, water, electrical lines, and appliances for

damage. If you smell gas or see a broken line, shut off the
main valve. Do not switch on the gas or electricity again
until the power company checks your home.
Seismology
The waves generated by the earthquake are
called Seismic waves. The study of earthquake
and seismic waves is called Seismology and the
researchers are called Seismologists.

Seismic waves are divided into two broad

categories:-
1.Body Waves
2.Surface Waves
 Body
Waves
In Body waves the speed decreases with increasing
density of rock and increases with increasing rock
elasticity. Rock elasticity increases faster than
density with depth.

There are two kinds of body waves

1.P-waves
2.S-waves
Difference in P waves and S waves
P S
waves
The P-waves are called
primary, push or longitudinal
waves.
They
vibrate parallel to
the direction of wave
movement.
They have shortest
wavelength, fastest speed {5-
7 km/s}.
They can travel through
solid, liquid or gas.
waves
 The S-waves are called
secondary, shock , sheer or
transverse waves.
 They vibrate
perpendicular to the direction
of wave movement.
 They have a medium
wavelength, Their velocity is 3
to 4 km per second.
 They only travel through solids
because liquids and gases
have no sheer strength.
 Surface
Waves
A seismic wave that travels across the surface of the
Earth as opposed to through it.
Surface waves usually have larger amplitudes and
longer wavelengths than body waves, and they travel
more slowly than body waves do.

There are two kinds of Surface waves:-

1.Love waves
2.Rayleigh waves
 Love Waves and
Rayleigh
Waves
Love waves make the ground vibrate at right angles to
the direction of waves . They are a variety of S-waves
where the particles of an elastic medium vibrate
transversely to the direction of wave propagation, with
no vertical components.

Rayleigh waves travel near the earth’s surface and within

a depth of 30-32 kilometers from the surface. These
are called Rayleigh waves after Lord Rayleigh who first
described these waves. Generally slower than Love
waves.
 What is
Earthquake
Earthquake Engineering as a profession in India is a
Engineering
newly introduced ?
field in academics and industry.
Since 60% of Indian geography is declared sensitive to
earthquakes, the role of earthquake engineers proves
vital in building quake resistant structures.
Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study
of the behaviour of structures and geo-structures
subjected to seismic loading, thus considered as a
subset of both structural and geotechnical engineering.
Cont..
India was struck with several earthquakes in the
past causing damage to life and property.
Government of India has constituted National
Information Center on Earthquake
Engineering (NICEE). It is the Apex Body of
Government of India on Earthquake Researches
and damage control.
Requirements for Earthquake
resistant structure ?

Tie up the walls, floor, roof, and foundations into a
rigid box that holds together when shaken by a quake.

Provide adequate reinforcement

Column should be placed adjacent to one another to

resist the force due to wind coming from different
directions.

Structure should be as light as possible.

Base isolation

Energy dissipation

technique Sill-anchoring
 Base
Isolation
A base isolated structure
is supported by a series of
bearing pads which are
placed between the
building and the
building’s foundation. A
variety of different types
of base isolation bearing
pads have now been
developed
 Energy
Dissipation
Devices
The second of the major
new techniques for
improving the earthquake
resistance of buildings also
relies upon damping and
energy dissipation, but it
greatly extends the
damping and energy
dissipation provided by
lead-rubber bearings.
 SILL-ANCHORING
A sill plate, also TECHNIQUE
known as
a sole plate, is the bottom
horizontal member of a
wall or building to which
the vertical studs will be
attached.
It does keep the boards
attached to the foundation
during an earthquake
allows a building to move
with its foundation
 CASE
STUDY:-
GUJARAT
EARTHQUAKE
26 th Jan, 2001
 INTRODUCTION TO
GUJARAT
Gujarat, one of the western state in India. Its capital
is Gandhinagar. It has an area of 196,024 km2.
Gujarat is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west,
by Rajasthan in the north, by Madhya Pradesh in
the east and by Maharashtra in the south and south
east.

The best time to visit Gujarat is from October to

March.
 GUJARAT
EARTHQUAKE 26TH
JANUARY, 2001
On the morning of January 26, 2001, The nation’s 52
Republic Day. A devastating earthquake occurred in
nd

the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.

The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the
north, Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the south.
Bhuj town and the village Bhachau,60km east of Bhuj
were the worst affected and many other areas of
Gujarat including its state headquarters Ahmedabad,
were badly affected .
DAMAGES BY EARTHQUAKE
MAJOR DEFECTS OF STRUCTURE
IN GUJARAT
Floating column

Pounding

Soft storey

building

Unsymmetry
 FLOATING
When the COLUMN
column and
shear wall do
not continue
up to the
ground but end
at an upper
level as shown
 POUNDING
When the roofs of two
adjacent buildings are
at diff. levels then
,during Earthquakes ,
the brickworks faces
hit against each other
this is called as
pounding.
 SOFT STOREY IRREGULAR
BUILDING
Due to the absence
of infill wall in the
groung floor
structure of the
building , it behaves
a separate unit
w.r.t the upper
floors and known
as ground soft
story .
 IRREGULARITIES &
UNSYMMETRY
The building as a
whole or its
various blocks
should be kept
symmetrical bout
both the axes .
A building should
be light as
possible & should
be simple
 EFFECTS ON
STRUCTRAL
The earthquakeMONUMENTS
devastated Kutch.
Practically all buildings
and structures of
Kutch were brought
down.
Ahmedabad, Rajkot,
Jamnagar,
Surendaranagar and
Patan were heavily
damaged.
DROUGHT Indian case studies

Drought Indian case studies 1

 INTRODUCTION
We can feel the dryness in your throat. The land is barren and
covered in thin dust. cracks appear in the earth. This is drought,
existence of lifewhen waterthreatened.
becomes is so scarceHow
thatdo
thehumans effects
from drought?

 Drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency

in its water supply whether surface or underground water. Generally, this occurs
when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a
substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region.
Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can
cause significant damage and harm the local economy.

 Many plant species, such as cacti, have adaptations such as reduced leaf area and
waxy cuticles to enhance their ability to tolerate drought. Some others survive dry
periods as buried seeds. Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes such as
deserts and grasslands. Most arid ecosystems have inherently low productivity.

Drought Indian case studies 41

 Physical aspects also used to classify
drought. They clubbed into three major
groups:

 Metrological
 Agriculture
 Hydrological

Drought Indian case studies 42

 1. Less rainfall:

 2. High Air pressure: When there is high air pressure, air falls instead of
rising. With the air pressing down in a high pressure zone, no currents of water
vapor are carried upward. As a result, no condensation occurs, and little rain
falls to earth.
 3. Low air pressure: Low-pressure systems see more cloudy, stormy weather.
Usually, however, we experience both high- and low-pressure systems.
 4. Monsoon role: Usually, summer winds known as monsoons carry water
vapor north from the Indian Ocean inland, providing desperately needed rain.
 Sometimes, however, instead of blowing from north to south, they blow east to
west. When that happens, the vapor doesn’t leave the Indian Ocean and many
people suffer from the resulting droughts.
 5. Water Vapor role: Droughts occur because water vapor is not brought by
air currents to the right areas at the right times. Water that evaporates from the
oceans is brought inland by wind to regions where it is needed. However,
sometimes those winds are not strong enough.

Drought Indian case studies

 6. Moisture: In some states, moisture is carried up from the ocean by blowing winds.
This moisture is then pushed by other winds until it reaches the location. However, if the
winds don’t blow at the right time, in the right direction, or with enough force, the
moisture falls in other areas and suffers from drought.

 7. Mountains region wind: Mountains can prevent wind from blowing moisture to
needed regions. As air is moving past a mountain range, it is forced to rise in order to
pass over the peaks. However, as the air rises, it becomes colder and the vapor
condenses into rain or snow.
 When the air mass finally makes it over the mountain, it has lost much of its vapor.
This is another reason why many deserts are found on the side of a mountain facing
away from the ocean. This phenomenon is known as the rain shadow effect.

 8. Rainfall pressure: Generally, rainfall is related to the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere, combined with the upward forcing of the air mass containing that water
vapor. If either of these are reduced, the result is a drought.

Drought Indian case studies 44

 9. Global warming: Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating
factors such as over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation,
and erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold
water.
 10. Decline in groundwater : India has seen a sharp decline in
groundwater levels, leading to a fall in supply, saline water
encroachment and the drying of springs and shallow aquifers. Around
50% of the total irrigated area in the country is now dependent on
groundwater, and 60% of irrigated food production depends on
irrigation from groundwater wells.
 11. Depletion of forest : The rapid depletion of forest cover is also
seen as one of the reasons for water stress and drought. India has a
forest cover of 76 million hectares, or 23% of its total geographical
area – much lower than the prescribed global norm of 33%.
 12. Rainwater harvesting : Combined with these and a host of
other factors – poor irrigation systems, pressure from the increasing
industrial use of water is the appalling indifference displayed towards
rainwater harvesting. Little has been done over the years to drought-
proof the country, when community based rainwater harvesting
measures could easily accomplish this feat.
Drought Indian case studies 45
 14. Rainwater harvesting : Combined with
these and a host of other factors – poor
irrigation systems, pressure from the
increasing industrial use of water is the
appalling indifference displayed towards
rainwater harvesting. Little has been done
over the years to drought-proof the country,
when community based rainwater harvesting
measures could easily accomplish this feat.

Drought Indian case studies 46

 Meteorology
 · Inadequate monsoon rainfall.
 · High temperature & evaporation, wind speed.
 · Unseasoned rains & fog /
snowfall.
 ·Water
Inadequate water availability, high water loss in storage & distribution,
Resources
utilities.
 · Over exploitation of surface & ground water.
 Agriculture- Crop Yield
 · Shift in agricultural practices(low to moderate water demand crops to
high crops).
 · Crop damage due to rain & snow /
pest.
 ·Population
High greater rate of human & animals.
 · Location of high water consuming milestones at semi arid / arid regions.

Drought Indian case studies 47

Drought in India has resulted in tens of millions of deaths over the course of the
18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the
climate of India: a favorable southwest summer monsoon is critical in securing
water for irrigating Indian crops. In some parts of India, the failure of the
monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields.
This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and
eastern Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana , Gujarat, and Rajasthan.
In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines,
including the Bengal famine of 1770, in which up to one third of the population
in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people
died; and the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died.

Drought Indian case studies 48

Drought Indian case studies 49
Drought Indian case studies 50
 Area Affected in India by Drought

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000 Area Affected in (Km

sq.)
600000

400000

200000

0
1979 1982 1983 1987 2013

Drought Indian case studies 51

 People affected in India by Drought

300000000

250000000

200000000

150000000 People affected

100000000

50000000

0
1979 1982 1983 1987 2013

Drought Indian case studies 52

53
 INTRODUCTION
Landslide is the movement of earth, mass of rock or
debris along the slope
Gharwal Himalaya is a part of extra peninsula
Structural disturbances like folding, faulting, and shearing
are very common in this region
This area exhibits variety of landslides because of various
natural as well as artificial activities

54
 INTRODUCTION
Landslides may be ignored if they occur in the area
of no human interest
But if it occur in areas like roads, agricultural lands,
human inhabited areas then it leads to loss of life and
property
Minor to major landslides that are very common
near Pipalkoti area on the road of Chamoli to
Joshimath that have increased the maintenance cost
of Rishikesh
–Mana Highway
55
 INTRODUCTION
There is need to study and classify the Himalayan
landslides from road network point of view in
Mountain terrain
This study is done by available Base maps of area
and their interpolation with RS and GIS to form the
landslide hazard zonation maps of respective study
areas

56
 STUDY AREA
3 areas have been selected
a ) Gopeshwar city of Chamoli district
b ) Stretch of Chamoli-Joshimath road near
Pipalkoti
c ) Area around Nandprayag
Area lies in Survey of India toposheet covering
26.18 sq.km, 21 sq.km and 17.63 sq.km respectively

57
58
GEOLOGY OF AREA
There is an intense metamorphosis in area
Land consist of rocks such as quartzite, gneisses,
marbles and various types of micaceous schist and
slates
All these rocks have weak cohesion along the plains
Physiographically the area lies in tectonic , folded
and over thrust mountainous chain.

59
LANDSLIDE
Geography and Geology of this area makes it prone
to landslides
Besides this area comes under zone IV of earthquake
High flow of rivers and ice melting triggers the
action of landslides
Besides this road development across slopes and
deforestation adds effect to landslide.

60
LANDSLIDE
S
Following types of landslide was observed in study
area
1.Slides
2.Falls
3.Flow
4.Topples

61
ROCKFALL

62
TOPPLES

63
SLIDE

64
FLOW

65
 RS AND GIS TECHNIQUE
Field survey is most accurate way to study landslides
But to study large and remote area it is consuming
time and money
RS and GIS are most effective tools in such condition
to obtain results with good accuracy
Various satellite images provided by IKONOS, IRS
P6, QUICK BIRD etc can be used as base to study
landslides.

66
 REMOTE SENSING (RS)
RS data like satellite images and aerial photographs
are used to extract terrain information.
Satellite data of different years gives information
about changes in geomorphology of area.
Various factor maps like land use map, drainage map
etc can be prepared from processing of RS data

67
 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
GIS has information about different terrain factors
in the form of layers
With use of GIS software like ILWIS it is possible to
combine the factor map produced by RS with
landslide map.
This will visualize landslide density in survey area .

68
 ILWIS
ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information
System) is a GIS software developed by ITC,
Netherland.
It contains both the modules of GIS and image
processing
It is very fast and accurate tool for processing,
analyzing and representing spatial data.
It is a useful tool for landslide analysis

69
 Landslide hazard zonation
mapping
There is no basis available to forecast the probability
of landslide occurrence in given time period
But landslide hazard assessment is possible
Hazard assessment is the estimation of an area to its
susceptibility to landslide based on few key factors

70
 Landslide hazard zonation
Following data used to measure landslide hazard of
an area:
mapping
Past landslides and their distribution
Bed rock properties
Slope of area
Hydrology of area
Human factors

71
 Applications of hazard zonation
It helps to decide land use capability of area
It shows risk to current land use development
It shows area vulnerable to landslide
Based on surveys it helps to predict future
landslides

72
METHODOLOG
Remote sensing and GIS are two main
Y adopted for landslide hazard
methodologies
zonation
Remote sensing data used in the form of satellite
imageries
GIS software is used to interpolate both satellite
data and base maps to form hazard zonation map

73
 RS DATA INTERPRETATION
Digital data of IKONOS is procured from
www.earth.google.com of all study areas.
The color composite is prepared in ILWIS in RGB
bands.
The satellite data is geo-referenced and rectified
with base map of study area.
Base map is prepared by use of toposheets.

74
75
 GENERATION OF DIGITAL
ELEVATED MODEL (DEM)
Base map is imported to ILWIS and converted to
ILWIS data format
Geo coding and Geo referencing is done to generate
a raster (Images in Geo-Informatics)
The segment maps are digitized in respective
domain boundaries of area, contours and drainage.

76
 GENERATION OF DIGITAL
ELEVATED MODEL (DEM)
DEM is prepared after interpolating the contour
segment data
DEM is analyzed by spatial filtering and slope maps
are derived
From DEM flow direction and flow accumulation
map is also prepared
Degree of map was classified as per Young's
Classification
77
78
79
 Generation of hazard zonation
mapand geo referenced with
Satellite data was imported
base map
The data is then interpreted by image interpretation
keys and pre occurred landslides and landslide
hazard zones are located
The slope map layer, flow map layer, drainage layer
are added on RS data to predict the landslide prone
zones

80
81
82
 Preparing stereo pairs

From DEM stereo pairs are prepared to view for

various rasters like slope degree map, satellite data
etc
The generated stereo pairs are viewed as
ANAGLYPH.

83
84
 CONCLUSION
Landslides are Force Majeure.
When occurred, landslides causes great losses to
both Human and Infrastructure.
Remote Sensing data has proved to be an effective
tool for landslides study in remote areas like
Himalayan ranges.
RS and GIS based Hazard Zonation Maps gives
accurate information about the Risk levels in a
particular area.
GIS techniques found to be very economical for field
study in inaccessible areas.
85
n
 INTRODUCTION
 The most common hazard in forests is forests fire. They
pose a threat not only to the forest wealth but also to the
entire regime to fauna and flora seriously disturbing the
bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a
region.
 During summer, when there is no rain for months, the
forests become littered with dry senescent leaves and
twinges, which could burst into flames ignited by the
slightest spark.
 Forest fire causes imbalances in nature and endangers
biodiversity by reducing faunal and floral wealth.
Traditional methods of fire prevention are not proving
effective and it is now essential to raise public awareness
on the matter, particularly among those people who live
close to or in forested areas.
CAUSES OF FOREST FIRE
 Causes of forest fires can be divided into two broad
categories: environmental (which are beyond control)
and human related (which are controllable).
 ENVIRONMENTAL
 Many forest fires start from natural causes such as
lightning which set trees on fire. However, rain
extinguishes such fires without causing much
damage.

 High atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low

humidity) offer favorable circumstance for a fire to
start.
 Environmental causes are largely related to
climatic conditions such as temperature, wind
speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and
atmosphere and duration of dry spells.
 Other natural causes are the friction of bamboos
swaying due to high wind velocity and rolling
stones that result in sparks setting off fires in highly
inflammable leaf litter on the forest floor.

o HUMAN RELATED
Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame,
cigarette, electric spark or any source of ignition
comes into contact with inflammable material.
Human related causes result from human activity as
well as methods of forest management. These can
be intentional or unintentional, for example:
graziers and gatherers of various forest products
starting small fires to obtain good grazing grass as
well as to facilitate gathering of minor forest produce.
the centuries old practice of shifting cultivation
(especially in the North-Eastern region of India and
inparts of the States of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh).
the use of fires by villagers to ward off wild animals

fires lit intentionally by people living around forests

for recreation
 The causes of forest fire have been
increasing rapidly. The problem has been
accentuated by the growing human and
cattle population. People enter forests ever
more frequently
to graze cattle, collect fuelwood, timber and
other minorforest produce. It has been
estimated that 90% of forest fires in India
are man-made
 TYPES OF FOREST FIRE
 There are two types of forest fire i) Surface Fire and
ii) Crown Fire .

SURFACE FIRE
o A forest fire may burn primarily as a surface
fire, spreading along the ground as the
surface litter (senescent leaves and twigs
and dry grasses etc) on the forest floor and
is engulfed by the spreading flames.
 CROWN FIRE
 The other type of forest fire is a
crown fire in which the crown
of trees and shrubs burn, often
sustained by a surface fire. A
crown fire is particularly very
dangerous in a coniferous
forest because resinous
material given off burning logs
burn furiously. On hill slopes, if
the fire starts downhill, it
spreads up fast as heated air
adjacent to a slope tends to
flow up the slope spreading
flames along with it. If the fire
starts uphill, there is less
likelihood of it spreading
downwards.
 EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE
 loss of valuable timber resources
 degradation of catchment areas

 loss of biodiversity and extinction of

plants and animals
 loss of wildlife habitat and depletion of wildlife

 loss of natural regeneration and

reduction in forest cover
 global warming

 loss of carbon sink resource and

increase in percentage of CO2 in atmosphere
 change in the microclimate of the area with unhealthy
living conditions
 soil erosion affecting productivity of soils and
production
 ozone layer depletion

 health problems leading to diseases

 loss of livelihood for tribal people and the

rural poor, as approximately 300 million
people are directly dependent upon collection
of non-timber forest products from forest
areas for their livelihood.
 THE NEEDS OF THE FIRE MANAGEMENT
 The incidence of forest fires in the country is on
the increase and more area is burned each year.
The major cause of this failure is the piecemeal
approach to the problem.
 Both the national focus and the technical
resources required for sustaining a systematic
forest fire management programme are lacking in
the country. Important forest fire management
elements like strategic fire centres, coordination
among Ministries, resource development, fire
funding, human management, and extension
research, fire
programmes are missing.
 Taking into consideration the serious nature of the
problem, it is necessary to make some major
improvements in the forest fire management strategy
for the country.
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India, has prepared a National Master
Plan for Forest Fire Control. This plan proposes to
introduce a well-coordinated and integrated fire-
management programme that includes the following
components:
 Prevention of human-caused fires through education and
environmental modification. It will include silvicultural
activities, engineering works, people participation, and
education and enforcement. It is proposed that more
emphasis be given to people participation through Joint
Forest Fire Management for fire prevention.
 Prompt detection of fires through a well
coordinated network of observation points,
efficient ground patrolling, and
communication networks. Remote
technology is to be given due importance
sensing
in
fire detection. For successful fire
management and administration, a National
Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and
Fire Forecasting System are to be developed
in the country.
Fast initial attack measures.

Vigorous follow up action

 Introducing a forest fuel modification system
at strategic points.
 Firefighting resources.

Each of the above components plays an

important role in the success of the entire
system of fire management. Special
emphasis is to be given to research, training,
and development
 CASE STUDY
THE GREAT CHICAGO FIRE & PESHTIGO FIRE
 The Great Chicago Fire was
a conflagration that burned
from October 8, to October
10, 1871, killing hundreds
and destroying about 3.3
square miles (9 km2) in
Chicago.
 Though the fire was one of
the largest U.S. disasters of
the 19th century, the
rebuilding that began helped
develop Chicago as one of
the most populous and
economically important
American cities.
 The traditional account of the origin of the fire is that
it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the
barn , but the official report could not determine the
exact cause.
 The fire's spread was aided by the city's use of wood
as the predominant building material, a drought prior
to the fire, and strong winds from the southwest that
carried flying embers toward the heart of the city.
More than ⅔ of the structures in Chicago at the time
of the fire were made entirely of wood.
 After two days of the fire burning out of control, rain
helped douse the remaining fire. City officials
estimated that more than 300 people died in the fire
and more than 100,000 were left homeless.
 The Peshtigo Fire was a forest fire that took place
on October 8, 1871 in Peshtigo, Wisconsin,
Coordinates 45.05°N 87.75°W. On the same day as
the Peshtigo and Chicago fires the cities of Holland
and Manistee, Michigan, across Lake Michigan, also
burned.
 On the day of the fire, a cold front moved in from the
west, bringing strong winds that fanned smaller fires
and escalated them to massive proportions. A
firestorm ensued.
 By the time it was over, 4,860 km² or 1.2 million acres
of forest had been consumed. Twelve communities
were destroyed. An accurate death toll has never
been determined because local records were
destroyed in the fire. Between 1,200 and 2,500
people are thought to have lost their lives.
Man made disaster
A disastrous event caused directly and principally by
one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent
human actions.
Also called human-made disaster.
There are multiple factor that may relate to
manmade disasters

Ignorance
Unawareness
Illiteracy
Carelessly handling danger
Chemical
Weapons
 1986 Chernobyl nuclear
power plant accident
According to the World Health Organization, exposed six million
people to dangerous levels of radiation and left a portion of our
planet nearly uninhabitable

Arial view of the blast.

Core of the reactor 4

 Most Common Man Made Disasters

Oil & Chemical Spill Economic Terrorist

Collapse Attack

Power Biological Threat War

MAN-MADE DISASTERS
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Fire
Explosions
C.B.R. ACCIDENTS
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
 Fire
Causes Of Fire
The most common causes of fire are:
Electrical
Pantry Area
Smoking
 Classes Of Fire
Let us also understand the classes of fires.

Class A
These are fires that involve some solid material like, clothers,
paper,
junk-heap, wood etc.

Class B
These are fires that involve liquid materials like: petrol, gasoline,
diesel, oil etc.
Class C
These are fires that involve electrical elements
Class D
These are fires are those involve metals
MIGRANT CAMP BLAZE
 Explosion

An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release

of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation
of high temperatures and the release of gases.

Supersonic explosions created

by high explosives are known as
detonations and travel via
supersonic shock waves.

Subsonic explosions are

created by low explosives through
a slower burning process known
as deflagration.
 Notable explosions
Chemical explosions Nuclear testing

Nanaimo mine explosion 1887 Trinity test

Halifax Explosion 1917 Castle Bravo
Battle of Messines 1917 Tsar Bomba
2015 Tianjin explosions 2015 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
Use in war

Artillery, mortars, and

cannons
Gunpowder and smokeless
powder as a propellant in
firearms and artillery
Bombs
Atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Land mines
Turkey is on edge after a number of bomb attacks
A chemical threat
A chemical threat is
fear of a release
of poisonous
vapors,
aerosols,
liquids, and
solids being
dispensed into the
air or water ways Chemical agent or chemical poisons
which would have a are primarily used in war,
toxic effect on terrorism and riot control.
people, animals,
and/or plants

The impacts of chemical accidents can be deadly, for both human

being-environments.
Types of Chemical Warfare Agents
 Nerve Agents
 Blister or Vesicant Agents
 Choking Agents

Depending upon the type of chemical, it can

either have an immediate effect (seconds
to minutes) or a delayed effect (2- 48
hours).
 Nuclear disaster
Accident categories
Nuclear meltdown
Criticality accidents
Decay heat
Equipment failure
Human error

Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear fission
in a contained environment to convert water to steam, which powers
generators to produce electricity. It is the by-product of this activity
that creates the biggest hazard.
 Nuclear
Disaster
This occurs, it is often as a result
of intent and the end results
are even more catastrophic
with a large percentage of
those involved losing their
lives.
Precautions for man made
disasters
 Nuclear Accidents:
1. One should not look at the
fire as it causes instant
blindness

2. Should close all doors and

windows as radioactivity
does not penetrate into
solid structures

3. Cover all food and water

Chemical
Agents
1. Use protective
equipment.

2. Give quick and

correct self-aid when
contaminated.

3. Avoid areas where

chemical agents exist.

4. Decontaminate your
equipment and body as
soon as possible.
 Fire Accidents
1. The biggest main reason
might be poor wiring and
faulty electrical equipment,
leaking gas or carelessly
thrown cigarettes and
matches.

2. Wires should be properly

covered.

3. Inflammable things should

be kept safely.

4. Power points should not be

overloaded.
1. London’s Killer Fog
2. The Al-Mishraq Fire
3. Dioxin Pollution
Worst Man-Made Disasters Of 2016

A pelican after Shell Oil Co spilled thousands of barrels of

crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico in May of this year
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LEAKS – NY, WA, & FL,
USA

Turkey Point Nuclear Facility

near Miami, Florida Credit – AP
 PETROPERU’S FOUR OIL SPILLS – AMAZON
RIVER BASIN, PERU

Arguably the largest man-made environmental catastrophe of the

year were the four massive oil spills caused by Peru’s largest oil
company PetroPeru
 AIR POLLUTION – ASIA

UNICEF announced earlier this year that air pollution is now the
cause of death for an estimated 600,000 children every year
DEVASTATING RED TIDE OUTBREAKS – THE ISLAND
OF
CHILOÉ, CHILE

A Chilean maritime officials surveys the millions of dead marine animals and
fish that lined Chiloé’s beaches during the record-breaking red tide algal
bloom in March
 FLOODS
• Flood is overflow of excess water that submerges
land and inflow of tide onto land

• The flood is the result of runoff from rainfall

and /or melting snow in quantities too great to
be confined in the low water channels of streams

• A flood is usually caused by rain, heavy

thunderstorms, and thawing of snow
 Causes of flood
Natural

•Intensity of rainfall

•Topography of the catchment

•Obstruction in river flow

•Sedimentation of rivers

•earthquake

•Contraction of river

Man-made

•Bank erosion

•failure of Dam

•Failure of river embankment

Intensity of rainfall

•Whenever there is heavy precipitation over the

catchment in terms of intensity, duration and
spread, the river will carry high flow and thus
results into flood.
•The intensity of rainfall in the catchment area is the
main cause of flood.
Topography of the catchment

•Larger the size of the catchment more will be the

flood.
•The catchment area with steep slope increases the
run off and also the sediment inflow due to high
velocity of flow.
Obstruction in river flow

•Whenever there is heavy landslide in the river it

may cause flood on the u/s side due to arrest of flow
and consequently rise in the water level.
Sedimentation of rivers

•If the tributaries of the river carry heavy sediment load the river bed goes on silting up
gradually every year.
•It will affect the carrying capacity of the river.

Contraction of river

•Inadequate waterway at rail and road crossing will affect river flow.
•While constructing road or railway bridges across a
river, the approach works are done on both bank which reduce c/s of the river
Effects of flood
Primary effect Secondary effect Tertiary effect
 Effects of flood

• Human Loss
• Property Loss
• Affects the Major Roads
• Disruption of Air / Train / Bus services
• Communication Breakdown
• Electricity Supply Cut off
• Economic and Social Disruption
• Increase in Air / Water Pollution
`Type of flood

1 Coastal Flood

2 River Flood

3 Flash Flood
1 Coastal Flood
- Low-lying coastal land are more prone to coastal floods
- Caused by Intense Storms such as tropical storms and tropical cyclones
- Tropical cyclones are also known as hurricanes
- Strong winds during these storms generate large waves known as storm surge
- Storm surges can bring about higher water level and cause coastal floods
2 River Flood
• Sudden increase in river’s flow (water)
• Water overflows the banks
• Leads to deposit of sediments on floodplains
• Caused by snowmelt, heavy rainfall, dam failure, etc.

3 Flash Flood
• Sudden floods, lasts for a short duration.
• Caused by sudden and heavy rainfall.
• Can also be caused by Coastal and River floods
 Flood management

• Soft engineering
• Hard engineering • (Non-
• (Structural) structural)

• Embankments • Flood plain zoning

• Dams & reservoirs
• Channel improvement
• Drainage improvement
• Diversion of flood
rivers
• Flood preparedness
• Flood forecasting
• Afforestation
• Public relief
 • Embankments

• Dams & reservoirs

 Drainage
improvement

Diversion of flood river

Case study

Flood in uttarakhand

From 14 to 17 June 2013, Indian state of Uttarakhand and near by received heavy
rainfall.
The rainfall was above benchmark which is above 375 percent.
A multi-day cloudburst ,centered on the state Uttarakhand caused devastating floods
and landslides. Due to Continuous Rain the Chorabari Glacier melted and this
triggered the flooding of the Mandakini river which led to heavy floods near
Gobindghat, Kedar Dome, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand.
Loss and Damage

•Around a million people affected 6000 reported dead

or missing 4200 villages affected
•10,000 cattle livestock lost
•3500 houses totally or partially damaged
•80% of the people in the productive age (shop owners,
•laborers working in petty shops, mule owners,
laborers, palanquin bearers)
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/m
an-made- disaster.html
www.disasterium.com/10-worst-man-made-disast
ers-of-all-time
www.disaster-survival-resources.com/man-made-
disasters.html
restoreyoureconomy.org/disaster-overview/types-
of-disasters
https://www.slideshare.net/AvasyuGupta/man-m
ade-disasters
content.time.com/time/specials/2007/.../0,28804,1686204_16
86252_1690600,00.htm