NUMERICAL

METHODS

BIPLOVE POKHREL
WRC
CHAPTER ONE CONTENTS
 1.1. Introduction, Importance of Numerical
Methods
 1.2. Approximation and Errors in Computation
 1.3. Taylor’s series
 1.4. Newton’s Finite differences (forward,
Backward, Central Difference, divided difference)
 1.5. Difference operators, shift operators,
differential operators
 1.6. Uses and Importance of Computer
programming in Numerical Methods.
INTRODUCTION
 Numerical Method and Analysis covers the
mathematics and methodologies that underlie
the techniques of scientific computation.
 "Numerical Methods" tend to emphasize the
implementation of the algorithms, perhaps at
the expense of the underlying mathematical
theory that explains why the methods work.
 "Numerical Analysis" tend to emphasize this
underlying mathematical theory, perhaps at the
expense of some of the Implementation Issues .
 A NUMERICAL METHOD is a complete and
unambiguous set of procedures for the
solution of a problem, together with
computable Error Estimates.
 The first and foremost objective of
Numerical Analysis and Methods is to draw
the Mathematical Conclusion with
minimum set of Error .
WHY NUMERICAL METHOD ?
 Exact Answers are sometimes Hard or Impossible to
Achieve
 Numerical Method Provide Approximation that is
generally good enough for Problems
 Numerical Analysis and Methods allow Sensitivity
analysis Tradeoff between Various Criteria
 Construction of Feasible Algorithm that will solve
the Mathematical Problem within given limited
Resources'.
 Traditionally Engineering and Science has 2 sided
Approach to understanding of a Subject, theoretical
and Experimental. However recent trend shows 3rd
side Computational which is seen equally as both .
TYPES OF ERRORS (IOE)
 1. Inherent errors: Errors which are already
present in the statement of a problem before its
solution, are called inherent errors. Such errors
arise either due to the given data being approximate
or due to the limitations of mathematical tables,
calculators, or the digital computer. Inherent errors
can be minimized by taking better data or by using
high precision computing aids.
 2. Rounding errors : errors which arise from the
process of rounding off the numbers .during the
Computation. Such errors are unavoidable in most of
the calculations due to the limitations of the
computing aids
 Truncation errors are caused by using
approximate results or on replacing an infinite
process by a finite one. If we are using a
decimal computer having a fixed word length of
four digits, rounding off 13.658 gives 13.66
whereas truncation gives 13.65.
 Absolute and Relative Errors: Absolute error is a
measure of how far 'off' a measurement is from
a true value or an indication of the uncertainty
in a measurement. Relative error expresses how
large the absolute error is compared with the
total size of the object you are measuring.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATIVE
AND ABSOLUTE ERROR (IOE 2072)
 Absolute Error = Actual Value - Measured Value
 Relative Error = Absolute Error / Known Value

 If you know a procedure is supposed to yield 1.0 liters of

solution and you obtain 0.9 liters of solution, your
absolute error is 1.0 - 0.9 = 0.1 liters.
A driver's speedometer says his car is going 60 miles per
hour (mph) when it's actually going 62 mph. The absolute
error of his speedometer is 62 mph - 60 mph = 2 mph. The
relative error of the measurement is 2 mph / 60 mph =
0.033 or 3.3%.

To calculate Relative Error We must have sufficient

knowledge about Absolute Error.
TAYLOR SERIES

Take derivative of equation 1

 CONTD…
For obtainingTake
a2, derivative of equation 2

For obtaining a3, Take derivative of

equation 3
CONTD…
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
 Easy Implementation of Mathematical Model
 Efficient Computation of Multiple Error
 Time Consumption is very less When
Mathematical model are Programmed in
Matlab, C.
 Analytical Methods for Computation are
easily implemented by the use of Computer
programming.