Sampling Method

A sampling method is a procedure for selecting sample members from a population. Three

common sampling methods are: simple random sampling , stratified sampling , and
cluster sampling .
Probability Sampling Methods- Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which sample
from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability.
1) Random sampling method. 2) The population is selected randomly. 3) In probability sampling,
there is an underlying hypothesis before the study begins and the objective of this method is to
prove the hypothesis.
Non-Probability Sampling Methods- Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique in which
the researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than
random selection.
1) Non-random sampling method. 2) The population is selected arbitrarily. 3) In non-probability
sampling, the hypothesis is derived after conducting the research study.
Random Sampling-  Random sampling is one of the simplest forms of collecting data from the
total population. Under random sampling, each member of the subset carries an equal
opportunity of being chosen as a part of the sampling process.
Quota Sampling- Quota sampling is a sampling methodology wherein data is collected from a
homogeneous group. It involves a two-step process where two variables can be used to filter
information from the population. It can easily be administered and helps in quick comparison.
 Data Collection tools and techniques -1
Data collection tools refer to the devices/instruments used to collect data, such as a
paper questionnaire or computer-assisted interviewing system. Case Studies, Checklists,
Interviews, Observation sometimes, and Surveys or Questionnaires are all tools used
to collect data.
1. Types of Data: Generally data are of two types-
a) Primary Data: The data which are originally collected by an agency for the first time
for any statistical investigation are said to be primary data.
b) Secondary Data: The data which have already been collected by some agency and
taken over from there and used by any other agency for their statistical work are termed
as secondary data. So in simple if a primary data collected for a statistical investigation are
used in other statistical investigation then those data are called as secondary data.
2. Tools and Techniques of Data or Information Collection: The primary data or
information can be collected by the following means-
a) Observing Behaviors of Participants: This method specifies the conditions and
methods at making observation. In this method, the information is sought by way of
investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the respondent.
 Data Collection tools and techniques-2
b) Questionnaire Method: Under this method, a list of questions pertaining to the survey (known as
questionnaire) is prepared and sent to the various informants by post. The questionnaire contains questions and
provides space for answer. A request is made to the informants through a covering letter to fill up the
questionnaire and sent it back within a specified time. The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.
The questionnaire can be delivered directly hand by hand, through surface post or as an electronic questionnaire.
c) Interview Method: This involves listening to or integrating informants. The interview method of collecting data
involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral – verbal responses. So, under this method of
collecting data, there is a face to face contact with the persons from whom the information is to be collected. The
interviewer asks them question pertaining to the survey and collects the desired information. This method can be
used through personal interview, telephone interview, Chat, Audio Conferencing, Video Conferencing, etc. The
interview can be structured, semi structured or open interview.
d) Schedules Method: In this method of data collection, the interviewers who are specially appointed for the
purpose along with schedules, go to the respondents, put to them the questions from the Performa in the order the
questionnaire are listed and record the replies in the space meant for the same in the Performa. In certain
situation, schedules may be handed over to respondents and enumerators may help them in recording their
answer to various questions in the said schedules.
e) Information from Correspondents: Under this method, the investigator appoints local agent or
correspondents in different places to collect information. These correspondents collect and transmit information
to the central office where the data are processed. The special advantage of this method is that it is cheap and
appropriate for extensive investigation.
 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework elaborates the research problem in relation to
relevant literature. This section may summarize the major (dependent and
independent) variables in your research. The framework may be summarized
in a schematic diagram that presents the major variables and their
hypothesized relationships. It should also cover the following:
• Existing research and its relevance for your topic
• Key ideas or constructs in your approach
• Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem.
• Conceptualized relationships between variables
• Independent variables (presumed cause)
• Dependent variables (presumed effect)
• Intervening variables (other variables that influence the effect of the
independent variable)
 Chronological Order
Chronological order applies to case study research in several ways and
refers to the sequencing of events as they successively occur or have occurred.
Simple ordering by such measures as date and time of day allows events to
be presented and considered in a sequential, systematic, and organized
manner.
Chronological order is a way of organizing ideas is the order of their
occurrence in time.
We use this pattern to tell stories, relate historical events and to write
biographic.
We also use it to explain processes and procedures.
Information is organized orders of time. Chrono= time, Logic=order
Example: Boy meets girl Fall in Love Get Married.