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AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University
© 2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Determine the effective resistance
for a number of resistors connected
in series and in parallel.
• For simple and complex circuits,
determine the voltage and current
for each resistor.
• Apply Kirchoff’s laws to find currents
and voltages in complex circuits.
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical circuits often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
Ground Battery Resistor
+ -
+ - + -
- + - + -
Resistances in Series
Resistors are said to be connected in series
when there is a single path for the current.
The current I is the same for
R1 each resistor R1, R2 and R3.
I R2
VT R3 The energy gained through E
is lost through R1, R2 and R3.
Only one current
The same is true for voltages:
For
For series
series II == II11 == II22 == II33
connections:
connections: VVTT== VV11 ++ VV22 ++ VV33
Equivalent Resistance: Series
The equivalent resistance Re of a number of
resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum of the individual resistances.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ; (V = IR)
R1 ITRe = I1R1+ I2R2 + I3R3
I R2
VT R3 But . . . IT = I1 = I2 = I3
V1 = (2 A)(1 = 2 V V1 + V2 + V3 = VT
V1 = (2 A)(2 = 4 V 2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12 V
+
- +
BA: V = +3 V - 9 V = -6 V B
A Single Complete Circuit
Consider the simple series circuit drawn below:
D A Path ABCD: Energy and V
2 -
increase through the 15-V
4 15 V source and decrease
3V through the 3-V source.
+
- +
C B E = 15 V - 3 V = 12 V
R2
Resistance Rule: Re = R
E E2
Current : I R1
R E1
The
The equivalent
equivalent resistance 11 NN 11
resistance
for
for Parallel
Parallel resistors:
resistors: RRee i R
i11 Ri i
Example 3. Find the equivalent resistance
Re for the three resistors below.
11 NN 11
VT R1 R2 R3
RRee i R
i11 Ri i
2 4 6
1 1 1 1
Re R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
0.500 0.250 0.167
Re 2 4 6
1 1
0.917; Re 1.09 RRee == 1.09
1.09
Re 0.917
For
For parallel
parallel resistors,
resistors, RReeisis less
less than
than the least RRi.i.
the least
Example 3 (Cont.): Assume a 12-V emf is
connected to the circuit as shown. What is
the total current leaving the source of emf?
VT R1 R2 R3 VT = 12 V; Re = 1.09
2 4 6
V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
12 V IT = I1 + I2 + I3
V VT 12 V
Ohm’s Law: I Ie
R Re 1.09
VT R1 R2 R3 IT = 11 A; Re = 1.09
2 4 6 V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
12 V IT = I1 + I2 + I3
12 V 12 V 12 V
I1 6A I2 3A I3 2A
2 4 6
6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A Check
Check !!
Short Cut: Two Parallel Resistors
The equivalent resistance Re for two parallel
resistors is the product divided by the sum.
1 1 1 RR11RR22
; RRee
Re R1 R2 RR11 RR22
Example: (3 )(6 )
VT R1 R2 Re
3 6
6 3
RRee == 22
Series and Parallel Combinations
In complex circuits resistors are often connected
in both series and parallel. R 1
In
In such
such cases,
cases, it’s
it’s best
best to
to VT R2 R3
use
use rules
rules for
for series
series andand
parallel
parallel resistances
resistances to to
reduce
reduce the
the circuit
circuit toto aa
simple
simple circuit
circuit containing
containing
one
one source
source ofof emf
emf andand VT Re
one
one equivalent
equivalent resistance.
resistance.
Example 4. Find the equivalent resistance for
the circuit drawn below (assume VT = 12 V).
(3 )(6 )
4 R3,6 2
3 6
VT 3 6
Re = 4 + 2
RRee== 66
4
12 V 2 12 V 6
Example 3 (Cont.) Find the total current IT.
RRee== 66
4
VT 12 V
VT 3 6 I
Re 6
IITT== 2.00
2.00 AA
4
IT
12 V 2 12 V 6
Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and the
voltages across each resistor
4 II44 == IITT == 22 AA
VT 3 6 V4 = (2 A)(4 ) = 8 V
This
This can
can also
also be
be found
found from
from
VV33 == VV66 == 44 VV VV3,6 = I 3,6RR3,6 = (2 A)(2 )
3,6 = I3,6 3,6 = (2 A)(2 )
(Continued . . .)
Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and voltages
across each resistor
V3 4 V VT 3 6
I3 II33 == 1.33
1.33 AA
R3 3
V6 4 V
I6 II66 == 0.667
0.667 AA II44 == 22 AA
R6 6
II (enter)
(enter) == II (leaving)
(leaving) IITT == II44 == II33 ++ II66
Kirchoff’s Laws for DC Circuits
Kirchoff’s
Kirchoff’s first
first law:
law: The
The sumsum ofof the
the currents
currents
entering
entering aa junction
junction isis equal
equal to
to the
the sum
sum ofof the
the
currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that junction.
junction.
Kirchoff’s
Kirchoff’s second
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum ofof the
the emf’s
emf’s
around
around anyany closed
closed loop
loop must
must equal
equal the
the sum
sum
of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around that
that same
same loop.
loop.
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE == IR
IR
Sign Conventions for Emf’s
When applying Kirchoff’s laws you must
assume a consistent, positive tracing direction.
When applying the voltage rule, emf’s are
positive if normal output direction of the emf is
with the assumed tracing direction.
E1 + E2 = I1R1 + I2R2
I2
E2 + E3 = I2R2 + I3R3 R3 Loop II E3
I3
E3 - E1 = -I1R1 + I3R3
+
Example 4. Use Kirchoff’s laws to find the
currents in the circuit drawn to the right.
+
Junction Rule: II22 +
Junction Rule: + II33 == II11
Consider Loop I tracing I1 5
clockwise to obtain: Loop I 12 V
Voltage Rule: E = IR 10
12 V = (5 )I1+ (10)I2 I2
20
Recalling that V/ = A, gives
I3
55II11 + 10II22 =
+ 10 = 12
12 AA 6V
Example 5 (Cont.) Finding the currents.
Simplifying: Divide by 2 I2
and V/ = A, gives Loop II 20
I3
10II33 -- 55II22 =
10 = 33 AA +
6V
Example 5 (Cont.) Three independent equations
can be solved for I1, I2, and I3.
(1) II22 +
(1) + II33 == II11
(2) 55II11 +
(2) 10II22 =
+ 10 = 12
12 AA I1 5
12 V
(3) 10II33 -- 55II22 =
(3) 10 = 33 AA 10
(2) 55II11 +
(2) 10II22 =
+ 10 = 12
12 AA 15II33 +
15 + 55II22 =
= 12
12 AA
Single Loop
Resistance Rule: Re = R D A
-
E 2
Current : I 3
18 V
R
3V
+
- +
Voltage Rule: E = IR C B
Summary (Cont.)
For resistors connected in series:
For
For series
series II == II11 == II22 == II33
connections:
connections: VVTT== VV11 ++ VV22 ++ VV33
For
For parallel
parallel VV == VV11 == VV22 == VV33
connections:
connections: IITT== II11 ++ II22 ++ II33
11 NN 11
Parallel Connection
RRee i R
i11 Ri i
VT R1 R2 R3
2 4 6
RR11RR22
RRee 12 V
RR11 RR22
Summary Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s
Kirchoff’s first
first law:
law: The
The sumsum ofof the
the currents
currents
entering
entering aa junction
junction isis equal
equal to
to the
the sum
sum ofof the
the
currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that junction.
junction.
Kirchoff’s
Kirchoff’s second
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum ofof the
the emf’s
emf’s
around
around anyany closed
closed loop
loop must
must equal
equal the
the sum
sum
of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around that
that same
same loop.
loop.
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE == IR
IR
CONCLUSION: Chapter 28A
Direct Current Circuits