FALLACIES

FALLACY OF DIVISION
Also known as false division, faulty
deduction or division fallacy. Inferring
that something is true of one or more
of the parts from the fact that it is true
of the whole.
 EXAMPLE:
“Women in the united states are
paid less than men. Therefore, my
mom must make less money than
my dad.”
 FALLACY OF REIFICATION

Reification is a fallacy of ambiguity.

It is the error of treating as a concrete
thing something which is not concrete,
but merely an idea.
 EXAMPLE:
“The evidences speaks for
itself”
 FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
Inferring that something is true of
the whole from the fact that it is
true of some part of the whole. This
is the opposite of fallacy of
division.
 EXAMPLES:
“Hydrogen is not wet. Oxygen
is not wet. Therefore,
water(H20) is not wet.”
 FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION
Occurs when a key term or phrase in
an argument is used in an ambiguous
way, with one meaning in one portion
of the argument and then another
meaning in another portion of the
argument
 EXAMPLES:
“A warm beer is better than a cold
beer. After all, nothing is better
than a cold beer., and a warm beer
is better that nothing.”
 FALLACY OF AMPHIBOLY
Occurs when a bad argument trades
upon grammatical ambiguity to create
an illusion of cogency.
 EXAMPLE:
“A mouse is an animal. Therefore,
a large mouse is a large animal.”
THANK YOU