Door and window

• The function of a door is to give access to building and to different parts of the
building and to deny the access whenever necessary.
• Number of doors should be minimum possible.
• The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the
movement of the largest object likely to use the doors.
• Larger doors may be provided at main entrance to the building to enhance the
aesthetic view.
• In case of the residential buildings, the size of the door should not be less than
0.9 m × 2.0 m.
• Minimum sized doors are used for bath rooms and water closets.
• The size recommended is 0.75 m × 1.9 m. As a thumb rule height of door
should be 1 m more than its width.
• Windows are provided to give light and ventilation.
• They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.90 m from the floor level.
• In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to 20 per cent of the
floor area.
• It is preferable to have at least two openings in two different walls.
• Another thumb rule used to determine the size of the window opening is for
every 30 m3 inside volume there should be at least 1 m2 window opening.
 Thumb rules
• Sill height provided from 0.7-1.0m from floor level
• Ventilation or lighting for a space
• 10% X floor area -------------- dry region
• 10-20% floor area -------------- wet region
• More than 10% floor area -------------- hilly region
• Symbol used in
drawing
• D--------Door
• DS------Door
single shutter
• DT------Door two
shutter
• W-------Window
• WS-----Window
single shutter
• WT----- Window
two shutter
• V---------Ventilator
Technical
Terms
• Height of door is approximately taken equal to width of door plus 1.2
m. In India, door height of 2 m is considered most suitable. Minimum
height of door is 1.8 m. 
• Width of door is approximately taken equal to 0.4 to 0.6 times of height
of door. Width of door generally varies from 0.8 m to 1.2 m. The maximum
width of door is generally taken 3 m.
• Height of window is generally kept 1.1 m to 1.2 m. Width of the window
is generally kept 0.9 m to 2 m.
• Frame
• A door frame consists of two vertical members called jambs and a
horizontal member called head provided at the top.
• A window frame consists of two of more vertical member called jambs and
two horizontal members provided at top and bottom. The top horizontal
member is called head and the bottom horizontal member is called sill.
• Hold fast -It is generally made from mild steel. Hold fasts are provided on
each sides f the door and window frame. They keep the frame in position.
• Horn-This is a horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the face of the
frame. They keep the frame in position.
• Rebate -The depression made inside the frame to receive the shutter is
called Rebate.
• Transom-It is the horizontal member used to divide a window frame. 
• Shutter-The entire assembly of styles, panels, and rails is known as shutter.
Shutters are provided inside the door or window frame.
• Style -Outside vertical members of a shutter are known as styles. 
• Top rail-The topmost horizontal member of the shutter is known as top rail. 
• Bottom rail -The lower most horizontal member of a shutter is known as
bottom rail. 
• Lock rail -This is the middle horizontal member of a shutter where locking
arrangement is provided. 
• Frieze rail -The rail which is provided between the top rail and lock rail is
called frieze rail. 
• Mullion or Munting -The vertical member running through a shutter and sub-
dividing the shutter vertically is called mullion.
• Panel-The area enclosed between the vertical styles and horizontal rails is
known as panel.
• Sash or glazing bar-It is a special type of frame made of light section and
designed to carry glass fitted in a shutter.
• Louver -It is an inclined piece timber fixed within a frame. Louvers are
provided in window where vision is required to be prevented without
affecting the ventilation system. 
• Putty -It is a mixture of whiting chalk and linseed oil. is used for fixing
the glass panels.
• Classification of door

Door

Fixtures and
Material Geometry fastening

1. Timber
2. Plywood
3.Glazed door
4. Steel door
5.Aluminium
framed door
Types of Doors based on Placing of
Components
 Battened and Ledged Doors
• Battens are vertical bonds which are having
grooves are attached together by horizontal
supports called ledges as shown in below
figure.
• General Dimensions of batten are 100-
150mm width and 20-30mm thick.
• General dimension of ledges are 100-200mm
width and 25-30mm thick.
• This type of battened and ledged doors
suitable for narrow openings.
Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors
• To make more rigid, braces are
provided diagonally in additional
to battens and ledges as shown in
figure.
• Braces are having 100-150 mm
width and 25-30 mm thickness
are preferable.
• Braces should place upwards
from handing side, then they acts
as struts and take compression.
• These type of doors can be
used for wider openings.
 Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
• For the simple battened and ledged
door, frame work is provided in the
form of two verticals, known as stiles.
• Stiles are generally 100mm wide and
as far as thickness is concerned, the
thickness of stile should be equal to
the combined thickness of ledge and
batten. Preferably 40 mm.
 Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed
Doors
• In this type, the door made up of
battens, ledges, stiles and braces. So,
it is more rigid.
• The braces are connected diagonally
between the ledges, at about 40mm
from the stiles.
Types of Doors based on Method of
Construction:
 Framed and Paneled
Doors
• These are very strong and will give good
appearance when compared to battened doors.
These are the widely used doors in almost all
types of buildings.
• Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal
members are grooved along the inner edges of
frame to receive the panels.
• The panels are made up of timber or plywood or
A.C. sheets(Asbestos Cement Sheets) or glass.
• These doors may be single leaf for narrow
openings and double leaf for wider openings.
• Minimum width of stile should be 100mm and
minimum width of bottom and locked rail should
be 150mm.
Glazed Doors
• Glazed doors are generally provided
in interior wall openings or in
hospitals, colleges etc.
• The interior of room is visible
through glazed doors and light also
passes through glazed portion of the
door.
• These may be fully glazed or partly
glazed and partly paneled.
• Glass panels are provided for glazed
doors.
Flush Doors
• In flush doors, a solid or semi-solid or core portion is covered on both
sides with plywood or face veneer.
• Now a days these type of doors are widely used because of good
appearance, economic, ease of construction and greater durability.
• There are two types of Flushed doors:
• Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush Door
• Hollow core and cellular core flush door
Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush
Door
• The core part in solid core flush
door consists of core strips of timber
which are glued under high pressure
condition. Similarly in the laminated
core, battens of 25mm width are
glued under high pressure.
• These doors consists of wooden
frame with stiles and rails for
holding the core.
• Finally plywood sheets or face
veneer and cross-bands are glued
under pressure on both side of
doors.
Hollow core and
cellular core flush door
• In this case also stiles and rails are
provided for frame. But, a minimum of
two intermediate rails should be
provided.
• The inner space of door consists of
equally space battens of width 25mm
each.
• Other space is called void space which
does not exceed 40% of the area of door.
• Here also face veneer and cross-bands
are glued under high pressure.
 Louvered Doors
• The louvers permit natural ventilation
when the door is closed and also
provide privacy in the room.
• These are generally used for toilets
of residential and public buildings.
• The door may be fully louvered are
partly louvered.
• Louvers are made up of timber or
glass or plywood and these may be
either fixed or movable.
Wire Gauged Doors
• Wire gaged doors permits natural
ventilation and restrict the entry
of flies, mosquitoes, insects etc..
These doors are commonly used
in hotels, restaurants and for cup
boards containing eatables.
Types of Doors based on Working
Operations
• Revolving Doors
• Revolving doors are only provided in
public buildings like museums, banks,
libraries etc., because of constant visitors.
• It consists mullion at its center to which
four radiating shutters are attached.
 Sliding Doors
• In this type, with the help of runners
and guide rails the door slides to the
sides.
• The door may have one or more
sliding shutter depending up on the
opening available.
Swing Doors
• In this case, the shutter is
attached to frame by double
action spring which helps the
shutter to move inwards as well
as outwards.
 Collapsible Steel
Doors
• Collapsible steel doors are generally
used for workshops, sheds, warehouses
etc..
• It acts like a steel curtain which will
opened or closed by horizontal pull or
push.
• Vertical double channel units of
(20x10x2 mm) are spaced at 100 to 120
mm thick and are braced flat iron
diagonals 10 to 20mm wide and 5mm
thick.
 Rolling Steel Shutter
Doors
• Rolling steel shutter doors are
commonly used for warehouses,
garages, shops etc..
• These are very strong and offer
proper safety to the property. The
door consists frame, drum and a
shutter of thin steel plate inter locked
together. A horizontal shaft is
provided in the drum which helps to
open or close the shutter.
 Types of Doors based on Materials:

• Doors are made up of wood, glass, metals.

• Wood doors are already discussed in the 1t classification and glass
doors are nothing but glazed doors.
Mild Steel Sheet Doors
• The door frame is made up of angle
or T-sections.
• Shutter is made up of frame of angle
of iron, having 2 verticals at least 3
horizontal.
• Mild steel plates are welded to the
shutter frame.
Corrugated Steel Sheet Doors
• These are same as mild steel
sheet doors, but in place of mild
steel sheet corrugated steel sheet
is welded.
Type Location Shutter Size (in mm) Masonry Opening Size (in mm)
D1 Entrance 1100 x 2045 1200 x 2100
D2 Entrance 1000 x 2045 1100 x 2100
D3 Internal (for 900 x 2045 1000 x 2100
rooms)
D4 Internal (for 800 x 2045 900 x 2100
rooms)
D5 Kitchen & Store 800 x 2045 900 x 2100

D6 Toilet / Bath 800 x 2045 900 x 2100

D7 Toilet / Bath 650 x 2045 750 x 2100

 WINDOW
• There are different types of windows used in building construction to
provide ventilation, and view.
• The selection of windows depends on many criteria.
• A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall opening to admit light and
air into the structure and also to give outside view.
• Windows also increases the beauty appearance of building.
 • Types of Windows used in Buildings
• Selection Criteria for Windows• Fixed windows
• Sliding windows
• Location of room
• Pivoted windows
• Size of room • Double hung windows
• Direction of wind • Louvered windows
• Casement windows
• Climatic conditions
• Metal windows
• Utility of room • Sash windows
• Architectural point of view • Corner windows
• Bay windows
• Dormer windows
• Clerestory windows
• Lantern windows
• Gable windows
• Ventilators
• Skylights
•  Fixed Windows
• Fixed windows are fixed to the wall
without any closing or opening
operation.
• In general, they are provided to
transmit the light into the room.
• Fully glazed shutters are fixed to the
window frame.
• The shutters provided are generally
weather proof.
• Sliding Windows
• In this case, window shutters are
movable in the frame.
• The movement may be
horizontal or vertical based on
our requirement.
• The movement of shutters is
done by the provision of roller
bearings. 
• Pivoted Windows
• In this type of windows, pivots are
provided to window frames.
• Pivot is a shaft which helps to
oscillate the shutter.
• No rebates are required for the
frame.
• The swinging may either horizontal
or vertical based on the position of
pivots.
• Double Hung Windows • Louvered Windows
• Recommended angle of inclination
of louvers is about 45o.
• Casement Windows • Metal Windows
• Sash window • Corner Windows
• Bay Windows • Dormer Windows
• Clerestory Windows • Lantern Windows
• Gable Windows • Ventilators
• Skylights