CHAPTER 1

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

1
CURRENTS, VOLTAGES & CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

• Currents
– time rate of flow of
electrical charge through
a conductor or circuit
element.
– units : ampere (A)
• Voltages
– Voltage is the energy
transferred per unit of
charge that flows trough
the element.
– Units : volt (V)

ia Va -
+

ia

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CURRENTS, VOLTAGES & CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
(cont..)
• Direct Current (DC)
– Unidirectional flow of
electric charge.
– Produced by sources
such as batteries and
solar cells.
• Alternating Current (AC)
– The flow of electric
charge periodically
reverse direction.
– Mainly being used in
most power system
• Delivered power to
residences and business
area.

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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

• Active Elements • Passive Elements

– Able to generate
electrical energy.
– Example: Generators,
batteries and
operational amplifier
– Not capable to generate
electrical energy.
– Example : resistor,
capacitor and inductor

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 MAJOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
RESISTOR CAPACITOR INDUCTOR

• Literally ‘resist’ current flow
• Represented by the symbol
R and unit is Ohm (Ω)
• In water analogy, a resistor
would be a narrow section of
pipe that restricts the water
flow
• Have fewer free electron
thus reduced conducting
ability.
• Eg. Ceramic, Mica & etc
• capacitance of 1 Farad (F).
l • A simple capacitor consist
R
A
P = resistivity of the material in Ω-m
l = length in m
A = area in m2
• Has ability to store
electrons (charge)
• Used as a rechargeable
battery, providing a stable
voltage reference
• In water analogy, a
capacitor would be a tank
storing water for later use.
• If the capacitor is able to
store a coulomb of charge at
one volt, it is said to have a
of two metallic plates
separated by a non-
conducting substance
between them.
• When any piece of wire is
wound into a coil forms, it
forms an inductance which is
the property of opposing any
change in current
• If, after a period of current
flow, an attempt is made to
interrupt the current flow, the
inductor will continue to force
current.
• In water analogy, an
inductor would be a water
wheel – difficult to start
spinning, but once it is
spinning, it is difficult to stop.
• Energy is stored in the form
of electromagnetic field
• Standard unit is Henry (H)

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 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

• Ohm’s Law
– States that the voltage
across a resistor is
directly proportional to
the current flowing
through the resistor.
– Two extreme possible
values of R:
• 0 (zero) short circuit
•  (infinite) open circuit
v  iR
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 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (cont..)

• Power
– the amount of power
that dissipated by a
resistor.
– Unit : watts (W)
2
v
p  vi  i 2 R 
R

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 BASIC CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

• BRANCH represents a single element such

as a voltage source or a resistor.
• NODE is the point of connection between
two or more branches.
• LOOP is any closed path in a circuit.
– (Closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes,
and returning to the starting node without passing through any node
more than once)

• ESSENTIAL NODE is a node that joins

MORE THAN 2 elements.
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 BASIC CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS (cont..)

2 kΩ a a a

15 V
I1 I2 I3
30 V 4 kΩ 4 kΩ 10 mA
I4
1 kΩ

b b c
20 V

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 SERIES CONNECTION

• Two or more elements

are in SERIES if they are
exclusively share a single
node and consequently
carry the same current.
• The equivalent Series resistors ,
resistance connected in Req  R1  R2
a series is the sum of the V1  iR1
individual resistances. V2  iR2
N
Req  R1  R2      R N   Rn
n 1

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 PARALLEL CONNECTION

• Two or more elements

are in PARALLEL if they
are connected t the
same two nodes and
consequently have the
same voltage across
them. Parallel resistors ,
1
• The
1
equivalent
1 1 1
Req 
 1 1 
  connected
     
resistance
Req R1 R2 R N in  R1 R2 
parallel is: Req 
R1 R2
R1  R2
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 SERIES-PARALLEL CONNECTION

• Combination of series
and parallel
connection.

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EXAMPLE 1

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 WYE & DELTA CONNECTIONS

• DELTA to WYE
Rb Rc
R1 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )

Rc R a
R2 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )

Ra Rb
R3 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )

Each resistor in the WYE network is the product of the resistors in the
two adjacent DELTA branches, divided by the sum of the three DELTA
resistors

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 WYE & DELTA CONNECTIONS
(cont..)
• WYE to DELTA
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Ra 
R1

R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rb 
R2

R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rc 
R3

Each resistor in the DELTA network is the sum of all possible products
of WYE resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite WYE
resistor

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 KIRCHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)

• The algebraic sum of • Current divider Rule

currents entering a – When a current has to
node (or a closed divide among various
boundary) is zero. resistors connected in
parallel, the current is
divided as follows:

R2
i1  i
R1  R2
R1
i2  i
I  I1  I 2  0 R1  R2
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 KIRCHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
• The algebraic sum of all • Voltage divider rule
voltages around a closed – When the voltage has to be
path (or loop) is zero. divided among various
resistors in series, the
voltage is divided as
follows;
R1
v1  v
R1  R2
R2
v2  v
R1  R2
 VS  V1  V2  V3  0
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 EXAMPLE 2
Find the followings:
i. v1 and v2 (use voltage divider rule)
ii. i1 and i2 (use current divider rule)
iii. Power dissipated in12- and 40-

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 MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh Analysis is based
on Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law (KVL)
Mesh Analysis assigns
unknown currents to all
meshes
(all meshes currents are
assigned clockwise
direction)
ELE290_Chapter1
 STEP 1: Label all meshes in the
circuit with a clockwise mesh
current.
 STEP 2: Decide on how many
equations are required in order to
solve the circuits. For the time
being, the number of unknown
mesh could represent this.
 STEP 3: Formulate mesh current
equations by applying Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) for each mesh
in the circuit.
 STEP 4: Solve the equations by
using Cramer’s Rule.
19
 EXAMPLE 3
• Determine the mesh currents.

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 NODAL ANALYSIS

• Nodal Analysis is based

on Kirchhoff’s Current
Law (KCL)
• Nodal Analysis assigns
unknown voltages to
all its essential nodes
(except for one
essential node that is
arbitrarily chosen as the
reference node)
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 STEPS

• STEP 1: MARK ESSENTIAL NODES • STEP 3: DECIDE ON NUMBER OF

EQUATIONS REQUIRED

KCL at Va :
Va  0 Va  Vb
 5  0
2 4
KCL at Vb :
• STEP 2: REFERENCE NODE Vb  0 Vb  Va
  10  0
6 4
• STEP 4 : SOLVE THE EQUATIONS

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 EXAMPLE 4

Calculate node voltages

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