ORGANELLES

These are specialized structures within a living cell.

e.g. Lysosomes
Ribosones
rough endoplasmic reticulum
centrioles
mitochondria.
Lysosomes
ARE SPHERICAL SACS, SURROUNDED BY
A SINGLE MEMBRANE
THEY ARE LIKE THE RECYCLING BINS
OF THE CELL
VARIES IN SIZE AND SHAPE
HAVE NO INTERNAL ORGANS
THEIR VESICLES ARE MADE BY THE
GOLGI
Function and location

 Break down (digestion) macromolecules e.g. Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids,

nucleic acid and worn out cells.
 Repair cell membrane.
 Responses against foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses and other antigens.
 Helps degrade substances from outside the cell and expire components from
inside the cell.

 Located in plants and animals cells, specifically the cytoplasm.

Adaptations

 Contain acidic (hydraulic) environment that is suitable reaction of enzymes.

 Must have a ph. of 4.8
 Kept separate from the rest of the cells to prevent damage.
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Structure
 Sac like
 Contain lysosomal
vesicle.
Ribosomes

 Composed of RNA (ribonucleic) and protein that convert genetic code into chain
of amino acid.
 The RNA that are in them are called the ribosomal RNA
 Very small in size (25mn in diameter)
Function and location

 Make protein (basically where proteins are synthesized)

 Assemble amino acid to specific proteins.

 Found in cells
 Floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
 NB: if they are joined to the er they are called rough ER therefore they make
proteins that are used in or outside the cell.
 If they are inside the cell they make proteins that are utilize in the cell.
Adaptations

 Able to attach to ER.

 Able to move freely through the cytoplasm freely.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

 Has ribosomes attached to their membrane hance the name .

 It’s a system of membrane.
 Three is also another type of ER called the smooth ER.
 Made of cisternae, tubules and vesicles.
 Contains the nucleus envelope.
Functions and location

 Helps synthesize protein

 Assist with the production, folding, quality control dispatch of protein.
 Modifies proteins.
 Stores protein.

 Found in eukaryotic cells.

Adaptations

 Are adjacent to the nucleus

 Has a continuous membrane
 Able to fold on themselves to form an enclosed space called lumen.
 Structure

 Consists if 2 subunits
(small and large).
Centrioles

 Hollow cylinder, formed from a ring of short microtubules

 About 500mn long.
 Organize the Microtubules
 Usually a pair at right angle to form centrosome.
 Embedded in a mass of protein.
 Also structures the microtubules.
 Only present at the time of cell division.
Functions and location

 Important in formation of centrosomes

 Involve in the organization of mitotic spindles.
 Helps in the completing of cytokinesis .
 Their position determines the position of the nucleus.
 Plays an important role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.
 Helps with the formation of cilia and flagella.
 Helps organize microtubes
 Helps in the division of cells.

 Usually found next to the nuclear.

 In animal cells
Structure

 9 triplets of microtubules meaning a grouping of 3 per centrioles.

 Like cylinder.
Adaptations

 are able to form a pair at right angle to one another.

Mitochondria
 Organelles that brake down food molecules to oxygen and convert it to energy in the form of
ATP
 Made of 2 membrane
 The inner membrane and the outer membrane
 Outer membrane covers the outer part of the mitochondria
 The inner membrane folds many time and creates structures called cristae.
 The inner membrane increases the surface area
 Contains their ribosomes and DNA floating in their matrix.
 The space between the 2 membrane is called the intermembrane space
 Cells with high demand of energy contain large number.
Functions and location

 Involves in controlling the concentrating of calcium ions within the cell.

 Carries out aerobic respiration (carries energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate ATP.)
 Synthesize lipids
 Regulates cellular metabolism.

 Found in the cytoplasm of cells

Adaptations

 Shaped perfectly to maximize their production.

 They fold to increase the surface for reactions which increases the efficiency of
respiration.
Structure
 About 1 um
 Often sausage shaped
 The space between the 2 membrane is called the intermembrane space
 The inner membrane controls what ions and molecules can enter the matrix.