Chapter 3: Specific: Issues in Science, Technology and Society (STS)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and
SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Specific
Issues in Science,
Technology and
Society (STS)
Aileen D. Nieva
Edward Jay M. Quinto
Chapter Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners must be able
to link historical and philosophical concepts and their
respective impacts to the development of specific
S&T issues such as:
1. Information Age
2. Biodiversity and Health
3. Gene Therapy and Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO’s)
4. Nanotechnology
5. Climate Change and Environmental Awareness
6. other current issues
Contents
Unit 1. Information Age
• discusses the development of the information age and its impact on society
• provides activities that illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our
lives
Unit 2. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
• determines the relationship of society, environment, and health
Unit 3. Gene Therapy and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
• describes gene therapy and its various forms
• discusses ethics and implications of GMOs and their potential future impacts
Unit 4. Nanotechnology
• determines the major impacts (both potential and realized) of Nanotechnology on society
• analyzes the issues through the conceptual STS lenses and issues are critiqued based on costs
and benefits to society
Unit 5. Climate Change and Environmental Awareness
• identifies the causes of climate change and assesses the various impacts of climate change
including economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc.
• Environmental awareness is inculcated to the students on the context of local, regional and global
efforts i.e. the international agreement among signatory countries of Cartagena Principle which
focuses on disaster preparedness
Unit 1:
Information Age
Diagnostics: Learning Checkpoint
Instruction: Identification.
______1. Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg
______2. When was the printing press invented? 1440

______3. Back then they compiled actuarial tables and did engineering calculations and served
as computers.
______4. Who is the Father of Computer Age? Alan Turing
______5. It is an electromechanical machine that searched through the permutations, and by the

end of the war the British were able to read all daily German Naval Enigma traffic. Bombe
______6. It is a machine solving any problem, performing any task for which a program could be
written.
______ 7. Who is the Filipino engineer who created the new silicon chip? Diosdado P. Banatao
______ 8. Who built a simple computer with around 8080 microprocessors that were hooked up
to a keyboard and television? Steve Wozniak
______ 9. Steve Jobs called the computer described in No. 8 as ______and sold this computer
to a Silicon Valley shop that wanted to buy 100 of them for $500 each.
______ 10. He realized that personal computers (PCs) needed software and then he created his
Microsoft.
Discussion
• printing press was invented by German goldsmith
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
• a device that applies pressure to an inked surface lying on
a medium i.e. cloth or paper to transfer the ink
• hand mould printing press led to creation metal movable
type
• a new branch of media was known as “the press”
• era of mass communication
• permanently reformed the structure of society
• political and religious authorities were threatened due
Gutenberg’s printing press to the increase of literate population
youtu.be/0ojyCDRc8uc
• middle class was distinguished
• proto-nationalism had grown due to rapid increase of
vernacular languages
• rotary press run by steam and used in industrial scale
printing in 19th century
Discussion
• Watch videos on • Discussion will help
Gutenberg’s printing visualize the printing
press: press invented by
(1) The parts of printing Gutenberg
press ( • Realization how big the
https://youtu.be/0ojyCD impacts of printing press
Rc8uc on the formation of
) society
(2) Impacts of printing • Questions may be raised
press to Gutenberg what if printing press was
and to his society) ( not invented
https://youtu.be/yeikqw
0kyqI
)
Discussion
• Communications needed calculations due to
advancing trade and industry
• Computers were people who compiled
actuarial tables and did engineering
calculations.
• During World War II, the Allies, countries that
opposed the Axis powers (Germany, Japan and
Italy): had shortage of human computers for
military calculations
• United States mechanized the problem by
building the Harvard Mark 1
• an electromechanical monster 50 feet long
• capable of doing calculations in seconds
• British needed mathematicians to crack the Enigma machine
German Navy’s Enigma code
• used by Germans to transcribe their www.ilord.com
messages in encryption using a machine
called Enigma
• looked like an oversized typewriter
Discussion
• Alan Turing
• an English mathematician
• hired in in 1936 by the British top-secret
Government Code and Cipher School at
Bletchley Park to break the Enigma code
• code-breaking works became an industrial
process having 12,000 people working
three shifts day in day out 24/7
• Nazis had made the Enigma machines more
complicated having approximately 10114
possible permutations
• Turing designed Bombe Alan Turing
• an electromechanical machine www.rwg-neuwied.de
• made the British able to read all daily
German Naval Enigma traffic by searching
through the permutations
• saved millions of lives since the invention
shortened the war by as much as two
years
Discussion
• Watch video How Alan • Discussion of how S&T

Turing Started the was used in solving
Computer Age social and political
problems
• Discussion on how the
invented machine was
further developed to
serve greater purpose
Discussion
• published paper entitled “On
Computable Numbers, with an
application to the
Entscheidungsproblem,” in 1936
• presented a theoretical
machine, called the Turing
machine
• solve any problem from
simple instructions
encoded on a paper tape
• demonstrated simulation of Turing
machine to construct a single
Universal Machine www.switchyourmood.com
• became the foundation of
computer science and the
invention of a machine that can
solve any problem by
performing any task from a
written program later called a
computer
Discussion
• A generation with “electronic brains”
was born by the 1970s who wanted
their own personal computers (PCs).
• In 1975, members of the Homebrew
Computer Club, became eager with
the potential of the new silicon chips
• allow them build their own
computers
• Steve Wozniak built a simple
computer around the 8080
microprocessor hooked up to a
keyboard and television in 1976 Apple 1
• Steve Jobs called the computer presscenter.ru
Apple I and sold replicates of this
machine to a Silicon Valley shop
• Bill Gates realized that PCs needed
software and sold his Microsoft
programs
Discussion
• From 1973 onwards different social media creations were introduced:
• multi-user chat rooms
• instant-messaging e.g. AOL, Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger, Windows
messenger
• conferencing and bulletin-board forum system
• exchanging e-mails
• game-based social networking websites i.e. Friendster, Myspace, Facebook, Twitter,
VK, Tumblr
• business-oriented social networking websites i.e. Xing
• messaging, video and voice calling service e.g. Skype
• blogging platform, image and video hosting website e.g. Flicker
• discovery and dating-oriented website e.g. Tagged, Tinder
• video sharing service allowing users to post virtually everything e.g. YouTube
• real-time social media feed aggregator e.g. FriendFeed
• live-streaming e.g. Justin.tv, Twitch.tv
• photo-video sharing website e.g. Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Keek, Vine
• question-and-answer platform e.g. Quora
• To date, these social-media platforms were just bought by one company owner to
another and were modified based on the dynamic needs of the users
Discussion
• Development of the Discussion
information age from the • How is your life affected
discovery of printing by information age?
press to the creation of
social media platforms
have impacted our lives
individually and the
society as a whole.
• The impacts may be
beneficial or adverse
depending on how these
discoveries were used.
SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Specific
Issues in Science,
Technology and
Society (STS)
Aileen D. Nieva
Chapter Objectives
S&T issues such as:
1. Information Age
Organisms (GMO’s)
4. Nanotechnology
Contents
lives
Unit 2:
Biodiversity and Health
Unit 2: Biodiversity and Health
This unit:
1. touches the fruition of the utilization of
biodiversity for the consumption of the
society as food, medicine and tool to
increase economy, along with the
accompanying impacts on the environment
and the society
2. tackles: (I) Health and Medicine; (II) Food;
(III) Energy; (IV) Water storage and flood
control; and (V) Air and water treatment.
Discussion
• the variety present in all forms of life
• 3 types of biodiversity:
1. Genetic biodiversity
• variation of genes within the species that
gives distinction of one population from
another even of the same species
2. Species diversity
• variety of species within a particular region
• Similar species are grouped together in
families, families in orders up to kingdoms
Biodiversity
3. Ecological diversity
www.youtube.com
• the number of species in a community of
organisms
• variations of climatic and altitudinal
conditions and ecological habitats
Discussion
Biodiversity and the Society Question to Ponder:
• Society benefits a lot from the How humans affect the
richness of biodiversity health of the ecosystem
• Goods and services from the as they keep on
natural systems exploring how to take
• foods, energy, timber and advantage of
pharmaceutical products biodiversity and how to
• regulation of climate, water use science and
storage, flood control, buffering technology to optimize
against extreme weather
events, treatment of water and
the utilization of
air, regeneration of soil fertility, biodiversity?
decomposition of wastes
Health and Medicine
• 2600 B.C., natural products i.e. Cupressus sempervirens (Cypress)
and Commiphora species (myrrh) for coughs, colds and inflammation
• Healing rituals and treatments of injuries resulted from wars or accidents
• Over 700 plant-based drugs ranging from gargles, pills, infusions, to
ointments were used by Egyptians
• Chinese in 1100 B.C. up to 659 A. D. utilized from 365 up to as high as
drugs 850 drugs from natural products
• In 100 A. D., Greeks recorded the collection, storage and the uses of
medicinal herbs up to 300 B.C.
• During the Dark and Middle Ages the monasteries in England, Ireland,
France and Germany preserved this Western knowledge on treating
illnesses.
• Arabs preserved the Greco-Roman practice and expanded the uses of
their own resources, and mixed with Chinese and Indian herbs
•
Health and Medicine
• plant genus Salvia used by Indian tribes of southern California as an aid
in childbirth and it gives high immune from all respiratory ailments
• Alhagi maurorum Medik (Camels thorn)
• secretes a sweet, gummy material from the stems and leaves called
“manna” during hot days
• contains melezitose, sucrose and invert sugar and claimed to treat
anorexia, constipation, dermatosis, epistaxis, fever, leprosy, and
obesity
• Israelis also took the extract from roots for diarrhea
• The Konkani people smoked the plant for the treatment of asthma
• Romans used the plant for nasal polyps
• plant Ligusticum scoticum Linnaeus
• protect a person from infection
• the root was a cure for flatulence, an aphrodisiac and was used as a
sedative in the Faeroe Islands
Health and Medicine
• anti-inflammatory agent, • 1970s: the production of bacterial strains supersensitive
acetylsalicyclic acid known to β-lactams, tests for the inhibition of β-lactamases and
specificity for sulphur-containing metabolites
as aspirin
• novel antibiotic structural classes i.e. norcardicins,
• 1870s: crude morphine carbapenems and monobactams
from the plant P. • isolation of the antibiotics, norcardicin, imipenem
somniferum, used as and aztreonam
painkiller • 25, 000 species of basidomycetes and Ascomycota:
antiviral, cytotoxic, antineoplastic, cardiovascular,
• 10th century to 1700s: anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating and
active constituent digitoxin anticancer activities
derived from Digitalis • Fungi, microorganisms found in trees, grasses,
purpurea L. (foxglove) in algae and herbaceous plants and live in the
Europe and used in intercellular spaces of plant stems, petioles, roots
and leaves
congestive heart failure
• 1994: oral formulation of pilocarpine for dry mouth
• 1942 to 1944: penicillin G (xerostomia)
• 1998: an autoimmune disease that damages the salivary
and lacrimal glands called Sjogren's syndrome
• 2004: drug quinine was isolated from the bark
of Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotsch to treat malaria
Food
• hunting and foraging what’s available in
their habitat, fishing
• cultivation started 12,000 years ago
• domestication of animals a thousand years
after
• agriculture and cultivation of animal food
• cultivate desired species of crops and
animals suitable for consumption
• prevention of diseases that could affect
Varieties of fruits
food supply images.angelpub.com
• invention of different ways to cook and
prepare meals
• more hunting, fishing and even more lands
to be used in agriculture.
Food
• healthy ecosystems to provide foods daily
for our consumption
• Biodiversity is necessary for most of our
important crops, though most of them are
wind-pollinated, about 39 of the leading 57
global crops need birds and insects as
pollinators.
• Agrobiodiversity is the biodiversity resulted
from planned agricultural crops or livestock
• i.e. genetic biodiversity of varieties of Agrobiodiversity
organisms www.expo2015.org
• farmers planning result to resistance to
disease, tolerance to extreme climate
conditions
• important for food security in the event
of flood, drought or infestation of pests
Energy
• Heat energy from fire y for survival against cold harsh environment and
for cooking and for communication in the form of smoke in 770000 BC.
• In 1000 BC, coal: northeastern China for heating and cooking purposes
• Romans and Northern Native Americans
• In 400 BC, water energy or hydro power was used for powering
machineries and for irrigation by the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
• In 347 AD, China: oil wells using extensive bamboo pipelines with
depths 800 feet for lighting and heating
• In 1000: Persian: first windmills to pump water and grind grain
• By 1300, windmills began to form the modern pinwheel shape in
Western Europe
• 1590s, the Dutch: most efficient version of the windmill
• for navigation through bodies of water
• Ancient Chinese for water pumps
• Middle Eastern civilizations for grinding crops
Windmill in Bangui, Ilocos Norte

Energy
• In 1600s, coal and the British discovered that cooking coal
transforms it into hot-burning coke
• In 1700s, coal began to replace other energy sources became
the primary source of energy around the world.
• In 1820s, natural gas was used as a source of light
• In 1830s, the electric generator, motor and relay were developed
based off of Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetism
• In 1850s, commercial oil was drilled and led to distillation of
kerosene from petroleum
• In 1860s, Augustine Mouchot developed the first solar powered
system for industrial machinery
• In 1892, the first utilization of geothermal heat to power was
done.
• In 1942, the first nuclear fission reactor was designed and built.
• In the 19th century and 20th century, the utilization of coal energy
• led to shaping up the industrial era of developing countries
Energy
• No direct effect on biodiversity yet

• As early as 1973, the effects on the environment and
the risk of potential accidents alarmed many
environmental organizations
• In 1979, a nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile Island
near Middletown, Pennsylvania.
• At the end of 1980, the Exxon Valdez disaster in Alaska
became the biggest oil spill in U.S. waters
• In 2000s, a number of catastrophic events transpired
i.e.
• climate change
• coal ash spill in Tennessee
• oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
• Fukushima nuclear crisis in Japan
Energy
• A study conducted by Nathan Jones (2012) shows that

biodiversity has been affected by the usage of different
forms of energy, primarily the fossil fuels.
• The effects include:
1. Wildlife Mortality
2. Habitat Loss
3. Fragmentation/Edge Effect Noise and Light Pollution
4. Invasive Species Carbon Storage and Sequestration,
5. Water Resources
Water Storage and Flood Control
• Earliest recorded civilization was
situated near bodies of rivers or lakes,
which marks as the earliest record of
water consumption.
• With increasing demand for potable
and drinkable water, wells began to
be used 7000 years ago in Middle
East (Israel) from discovery of
groundwater dug from sands or rocks
as well collection of rainwater.
• Rivers and lakes are also used as
source of irrigation of crops
• Flood ways are utilized to prevent Aqueducts
flooding of nearby communities and www.gelgez.net
damage of crops
• Aqueducts were invented and built by
later civilization such as Roman and
Greece to deliver reliable water
supply
• Mixed forest and biodiversity play
an unquestionably crucial role in
water resources.
• Forests provide natural filtration
and storage systems to provide
freshwater.
• Roots and leaves of trees create
conditions that promote the
infiltration of rainwater into the soil
to fill up the aquifer systems with
groundwater while percolation
occurs running surface water into Forest
rivers and lakes. www.mnn.com
• Forests play major role in
hydrological cycle by affecting
rates of transpiration and
evaporation and water storage in
watersheds.
• Flooding provides critical habitat for fish, waterfowl, and wildlife, and
helps maintain high levels of plant and animal diversity.
• Floodwaters also replenish agricultural soils with nutrients and transport
sediment that is necessary to maintain downstream delta and coastal
areas.
• production of new plant and animal tissue
• plants colonize new areas or take advantage of the increased light
that becomes available when old vegetation is cleared away
• animals such as invertebrates and fish often find new food sources
• Major floods in coastal plain areas in southeastern US in 1994 and
in the forested mountains in Pacific Northwest in 1996
• create a much more complex variety of habitats and biological
diversity
• Need for flood management that works with the forces of nature
Air and Water Treatment
• Some of the gases considered as criteria pollutants like NOx and O3,
at moderate amount can bring a healthy ecosystem and can
balance biodiversity.
• However, due to excessive concentrations of these gases, the
capacity of the environment to clean itself and to be resilient lessen.
• Decreasing nitrogen deposition enhances plant species diversity
and relative species richness in grasslands.
• Excessive nitrogen stimulates presence of nitrogen-loving plant
species but reduces the occurrence of plant species adapted to low
nitrogen availability.
• Nitrogen decreases the resilience of forests to other environmental
stresses such as drought, high wind, frost, pests and diseases.
• Concentration limit of nitrate in drinking water is too high to protect
natural ecosystems particularly the plant species.
• Widespread exceedance of nitrogen critical concentrations will
adversely affect the structure and function of the ecosystems.
• weakens the resilience of soil and the plants
• From 1990 to 2006, there was also an extensive vegetation damage due
to ozone.
• When ozone is high, it can promote early flowering, affecting the
synchronization of pollinators and flowers.
• Ozone also damages the leaves of salad crops reducing their market
value.
• In 2000, ozone pollution reduced wheat yield by 14% and the tomato yield
by 9%.
• Negative impacts on vegetation reduces the sink capacity for carbon
dioxide and ozone, enhancing their atmospheric concentrations and
affecting the global water cycle.
• Indirect global warming effect ozone might be of similar magnitude as the
direct effect.
• Soils store air pollutants temporarily and thus affects water purification.
• Stored pollutants will adversely affect soil functioning (e.g. microbes and
invertebrates)
• Nitrogen leaches from forest soil at a C:N ratio below 23 in the organic
layer causing algal bloom and eventually eutrophication
• implementation of regulations and the worldwide protocols such as
Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol
• Cartagena Protocol has ten Pacific parties, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Niue, Palau, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Tonga
• to ensure the safe transport, handling and use of living modified
organisms (LMO) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have
adverse effects on biodiversity
• adopted in January 29, 2000 and was enforced in September 11,
2003
• linked to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which helps to protect
Pacific communities and biodiversity from the consequences of living
modified organisms
• requires having environments in place through proper legislative
frameworks, laboratory facilities, technology and technical capabilities
• Locally, there should be a tight implementation of environmental laws
being practiced by industries and communities alike to prevent further
damage of biodiversity from air pollution and water pollution. We also
have to ensure that whatever treatment we employ, we do not promote
just the mass pollution transfer from one matrix of the environment to
another.
• Tight implementation of • Question to Ponder:
environmental laws being What legislations do we
practiced by industries and have locally, regionally, and
communities to prevent internationally that protect
damage of biodiversity biodiversity and prevents
from air pollution and water pollution?
pollution
• We also have to ensure
that whatever treatment we
employ, we do not promote
just the mass pollution
transfer from one matrix of
the environment to another.
SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Specific
Issues in Science,
Technology and
Society (STS)
Aileen D. Nieva
Chapter Objectives
S&T issues such as:
1. Information Age
Organisms (GMO’s)
4. Nanotechnology
Contents
lives
Unit 3:
Gene Therapy and
Genetically
Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
Unit 3: Gene Therapy and Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMOs)
This unit discusses:
1. the fruition of the utilization of biodiversity for

the consumption of the society as food,
medicine and tool to increase economy, along
with the accompanying impacts on the
environment and the society.
2. Gene Therapy
3. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s).
Discussion
Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs) and Gene
Therapy
• Genetically Modified Species
• One of the most controversial
issues in Science and
Technology is the introduction
of genetically modified seeds in
the agriculture sector for better
Genetically Modified Organisms yield as well as for the
resistance of drought and flood
situations and to pests.
Discussion
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and
Gene Therapy
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - are products of
artificial manipulation and alteration of species genetic
material in a laboratory using genetic engineering. Plant,
animal, bacteria, and virus genes may be combined or may
be crossbred to produce another kind of species that do not
occur in nature.
• Whether GMOs provide increased yield, drought
tolerance, enhanced nutrition, or any other consumer
benefit are yet to be proven in the market. In addition,
growing concern on how GMOs may affect consumers’
health and the environment need to be addressed.
History of GMOs
• As early as 1935, DNA was discovered by Russian scientist
Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky when he isolated pure DNA.
In 1973, recombinant DNA created the idea for man-made
DNA, or rDNA, comes from a graduate student at Stanford
University Medical School under the supervision of Professor
Herbert Boyer and a few of his biologist colleagues.
• In 1975, Asilomar Conference A group of biologists get
together with a few lawyers and doctors to create guidelines
for the safe use of genetically engineered DNA.
• A 1980 court case between a genetics engineer at General
Electric and the U.S. Patent Office allowed for the first patent
on a living organism, a bacterium with an appetite for crude
oil, ready to gulp up spills.
History of GMOs
• In 1982, Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) approved the first GMO- Humulin,
an insulin produced by genetically
engineered E. coli bacteria on the market.
• In 1993, FDA approved Bovine
somatotropin (bST), a metabolic protein
hormone used to increase milk
production, in dairy cows for commercial
use.
• In 1994, U.S. FDA approved the Flavr
Savr tomato for sale on grocery store
shelves. This kind of tomato has a
Flavr Savr delayed-ripening effect allowing a longer
www.ciencia-activa.org shelf life than conventional tomatoes.
• In 1995, Bt Potatoes and Corn, and
Roundup Ready Soybeans were
approved safe by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).
History of GMOs
• In 1996, weeds resistant to glyphosate, the herbicide used
with many GMO crops, are detected in Australia. Research
shows that the super weeds are seven to 11 times more
resistant to glyphosate than the standard susceptible
population. In the same year, Dolly, the first cloned animal
was Born.
• The European Union rules in favor of mandatory labeling on
all GMO food products, including animal feed in 1997.
• In 1998, a genetically modified papaya has grown in Hawaii
which is resistant to the Ring spot virus and it also produces
the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin which is considered not
harmful to human but plays a great role as an insecticide.
History of GMOs
• Starting 1999, over 100 million acres
worldwide are planted with genetically
engineered seeds.
• In the Philippines in 2000, the first
golden rice was developed to address
the vitamin deficiencies particularly in
Asian countries where rice is a staple
food crop.
• This is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa)
modified genetically to biosynthesize
beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin
A in the edible parts of rice. Additional
three beta-carotene synthesized
genes makes golden rice differ from
its parental strain.
Golden Rice • In 2003, a Bt-toxin-resistant caterpillar-
cum-moth, Helicoverpa zea, was found
www.moebiusonline.com feasting on GMO Bt cotton crops in the
southern United States.
History of GMOs
• In 2006, a development of animals with traits that are
desirable compared with their natural counterparts was
conducted using Yorkshire pigs that were genetically
modified to produce a type of pig that produces enzyme
phytase in its saliva to digest plant phosphorus, unlike their
counterpart pigs.
• In 2011, research in eastern Quebec found Bt toxins in the
blood of pregnant women and showed evidence that the
toxin could be passed to the babies.
• In 2012, a French farmer Paul Francois sued Monsanto for
chemical poisoning he claimed was caused by its pesticide
Lasso, part of the Roundup Ready line of products. He won
the case.
History of GMOs
• As early as 2013, corn and the poplars have been
genetically modified and used to produce biofuel which have
been used as an efficient substitute of petroleum products.
• The patent on the Roundup Ready line of genetically
engineered seeds ended in 2014.
• There are other numerous GMOs produced all over the
world not mention here. All these conversations involve
mutation. Science agrees that there is a probability that the
majority of mutations attempted by a species would fail
miserably and the individual plant/animal would not survive
(Mayr, 2007).
• To date, GMOs are being argued upon due to its safety and
the right to modify organisms and remove their original
aspects.
History of GMOs
• New organisms created by genetic engineering could
present an ecological problem since we are uncertain of
what a genetically engineered specie would make on the
environment.
• There is a possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology
of a region just exotic species would do.
• An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or bacteria
for example could result in a stronger type, which could
cause a serious epidemic when released.
• This could be fatal in human genetic engineering creating
problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy - a method just like
having GMOs but normally
adenovirus are used to introduce
the modified Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) into a human cell, altering
the targeted site.
• Gene therapy was conceptualized
in 1972 but the first attempt of
modifying human DNA was just
Gene Therapy performed in 1980 by Martin Cline.
• By then, nuclear gene transfer in
humans was not approved until the
late 1980s.
Gene Therapy
• In 1980s, gene therapy for severe combined
immunodeficiency disease (SCID), a very rare, life-
threatening disease that a child may be born with, was
explored.
• This is done by taking the child’s blood and putting the
normal gene into the blood cells. The child is then given
a blood transfusion with his or her own blood that has
the normal gene inserted.
• The gene then works itself into the immune system and
lessens the symptoms of the disorder (Assi et al, 2012).
• The first approved gene therapy clinical research in the US
took place on 14 September 1990, at the National Institutes
of Health (NIH), under the direction of William French
Anderson. In 1993, the first somatic treatment that
produced a permanent genetic change was performed.
Gene Therapy
• Gendicine - first commercial gene therapy was approved in
China in 2003 for the treatment of certain cancers. Due to
some clinical successes since 2006 Gene Therapy
regained researchers’ attention but still considered as an
experimental technique.
• In 2016, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human
Use of the European Medicines Agency endorsed a gene
therapy treatment called Strimvelis and it was approved by
the European Commission in June of this year.
• In some studies, the delivery of genes that speeds up the
destruction of cancer cells were done. Gene or cell
therapies have emerged as realistic prospects for the
treatment of cancer, and involve the delivery of genetic
information to a tumor to facilitate the production of
therapeutic proteins. (Gene Revolution: Issues and
Impacts, n.d., Wirth et al, 2013).
Dilemma of Gene Therapy and
GMOs
GMOs
• As more human genes are being used in
non-human organisms to create new
forms of life that are genetically partly
human, new ethical questions arise.
Various concerns arise that pose
controversies on Gene Therapy and
GMOs. What percentage of human
genes does an organism have to contain
before it is considered human? Bleich et
al, 2012)
• How many human genes would a green
Mutation pepper for example have to contain
before it can be eaten without worries?
www.agrobiz.hr • Human genes are now being inserted
into tomatoes and peppers to make them
grow faster. What about the mice that
have been genetically engineered to
produce human sperm?
GMOs
• What psychological effect would it pose on the
offspring? What if allergens transfer from one food
crop to another through genetic engineering?
• How would a pregnant woman ensure that her baby is
protected from genetically modified products that may
endanger their offspring by harming normal fetal
development and altering gene expression? (Gene
Revolution: Issues and Impacts, n.d.).
Actions on Gene Therapy and
GMOs
Actions on Gene Therapy and
GMOs
• Agroecology - is a study that suggest
novel management approaches on
farming systems that may help address
the concern on the health of biodiversity
and of the consumers of GMOs. The
study should evaluate the performance of
the specific GMO and whether it poses
risk to human health Silici, 2014).
• Further basic and translational research,
as well as clinical experiences, to outline
How to mitigate functional mechanisms, predictive
approaches, patient-related studies and
the problem? upcoming challenges should be done to
address existing problems in the field of
development and future perspectives in
gene therapy.
SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Specific
Issues in Science,
Technology and
Society (STS)
Aileen D. Nieva
Chapter Objectives
S&T issues such as:
1. Information Age
Organisms (GMO’s)
4. Nanotechnology
Contents
lives
Unit 4:
Nanotechnology
Unit 4: Nanotechnology
This unit:
1. discusses the antecedents of
nanotechnology and discusses both its
positive and adverse impacts on environment
and society.
2. illustrates how nanotechnology affected our
lives individually and as society.
Discussion
• Nanotechnology
• is the branch of technology that deals with
dimensions and tolerances of less than 100
nanometers, especially the manipulation of
individual atoms and molecules
• also the study and application that can be used
across all the other science fields, such as
chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and
engineering
• It is ‘convergent’ because it brings together sectors
of science that were previously separated e.g.
(deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA silicon chips,
Nanotechnology on red converging between semiconductor science
blood cells (RBC) (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with applications
www.ediblecomputerchips.com in the medical industry.
Discussion
• To decipher how nanotechnology works, three
dimensions must be considered:
1. tangible objects which include materials, devices
and system
2. passive, static objects i.e. nanoparticles that have
properties different to bulk objects even if they
have the same composition; the active devices
i.e. those that can store information, induce
energy or change its state; and the nanofacture
which refers to atomically precise manufacturing
(APM) i.e. collection of instruments and
procedures
Nanofacture 3. direct nanotechnology which refers to materials
www.wahington.edu
structured at nanoscale components
Discussion
Applications of Nanotechnology
➢ In medicine
• more effective drugs for conditions such as high blood pressure
• assisted by the view of these molecules afforded by X-ray lasers
• simulate biological mechanisms to monitor a cancer cell
• simulate biological mechanisms to monitor a cancer cell while it
is treated by drug-bearing nanoparticles
• “nanobots” - molecular-scale workers that can employ
molecular processes within cells which eventually can deliver
drugs to specific molecular sites or even carry out surgery
(Biercuk, 2011)
• It is now possible to diagnose prevalent contagious diseases like
HIV/ AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc. with screening devices
using nanotechnology (AZoNanotechnology, 2004).
Discussion
➢ Water purification systems
• with nanomaterials and utilizing new membrane technologies
with variable pore sizes as filters i.e. the forward-osmosis
membrane technology of Hydration Technologies are now
available (Prashant et al, 2005).
• Nanoparticles are also used to prepare heat-resistant and self-
cleaning surfaces, such as floors and benchtops
• Nanoparticles of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide can also make
a surface repel water, which prevents stains. Detergent
molecules self-assemble into a sphere to form a micelle that
allows the detergent to traps oils and fats within the cavity of the
sphere that eventually aids washing.
• Zeolites are silicon oxide and aluminium oxide that have specific
nanoporous cage-like structures allowing it to absorb molecules
i.e. heavy metals and compounds that cause odor (Shearer,
2016).
Discussion
➢ In agriculture
• novel techniques of nanotechnology applications are applied to
breed crops with higher levels of micronutrients, to detect pest,
and to control processing of food (Hechman, 2005)
• Ultra-small probes on earth surfaces for agricultural applications
and control of soil, air, and water contamination are also
developed by nanotechnology (Zhang et al, 2011).
• For contamination of Arsenic in soil and water, a simple and
cheap but effective way of removing the contaminant with TiO2
nanoparticles. (Pena et al, 2005).
• Availability of a nanotechnology inspired detector from
Washington, which can sense the smallest amount of radiation,
made the detection of a nuclear leak faster and more accurate at
the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Zhang et al, 2011).
Discussion
➢ In agriculture
• Chlorinated compounds i.e. chlorinated solvents and pesticides
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated
compounds are major environmental contaminants that can be
reduced using nanoscale metal particles, such as FeO and Fe-Ni
in conjunction with iron filings [Fe(0)] (Dayrit et al, 2008).
• Bio nanotechnology provides feasible solutions e.g. support of
cleaner production methods, provision of alternative and
renewable energy sources, and source reduction into the
manufacturing process (Colvin, 2003).
• Nanotechnology helps in energy consumption like in the use of
graphene into a coating material resulting in the need for only
one layer, which does not require a multifunctional film coating.
Nanoscale chemical reagents or catalysts are smaller in sizes
yet increase the reaction rate, thus lessening input of raw
materials (Zhang et al, 2011).
Discussion
➢ In agriculture
• In the lecture given by Dr. Fabian M. Dayrit in 2008 entitled
“Nanotechnology: Business and Practical Applications: Where the
Philippines Is and Where It Should Be”,
• possible applications of nanotechnology in the Philippines, namely:
✓ ICT and Semiconductors,
✓ Energy, Food and Agriculture,
✓ Environment, and Health and
✓ Medicine
o He mentioned existing and on-going research studies that time
funded by the Department of Science and Technology on these
areas, as well as on Nano-Metrology and Education and Public
Awareness.
Discussion
Challenges of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology when used in environmental impact assessments and in
toxicology testing, may bring a possibility of e-waste bins at recycling centers or
even in sanitary landfills to have intricately engineered nanostructures that could
screen what happen to these e-wastes to possibly lessen environmental
consequences. This may be feasible but may be difficult.
• The mineral-based nanoparticles found in
✓ cosmetics,
✓ paints,
✓ clothing and other products
o affect the environment as they go through sewerage treatment plants
untreated due to their very small diameters. They can be carried down by
fine silts or microplastics with both inorganic and organic pollutants. Thus,
may even affect our water source (Biercuk, 2011).
Discussion
• Carbon nanotubes used in manufacture of
✓ memory storage,
✓ electronic,
✓ batteries, etc.
o were found to have unknown harmful impacts to the human body by
inhalation into lungs comparable to asbestos fiber11.
o The pulmonary toxicological evaluation of single-wall carbon nanotubes12
indicated that it is more toxic than carbon black and quartz once it reaches
lung13 while multifocal granulomas were produced when rats were exposure
to single-wall carbon nanotubes14 (Zhang et al, 2011).
Discussion
• Due to its size, nanoparticle will be difficult to be analyzed and this lack of
information and methods of characterizing nanomaterials makes it a challenge to
detect its concentration in air or in any matrix of the environment.
• Predicting the toxicity of a nanomaterial rely heavily on the information of the
chemical structure since minor changes of chemical function group could
drastically change its properties.
• Point to point risk assessment at all stages of nanotechnology then should be
conducted to ensure the safety on human health and environment.
• The risk assessment should include the exposure risk and its probability of
exposure, toxicological analysis, transport risk, persistence risk, transformation
risk and ability to recycle (Zhang et al, 2011), which will be quite expensive due to
the difficulty in detection of nano particles.
Discussion
Dilemma of Utilizing Nanotechnology
➢ With the identified potential hazard that nanoparticles can bring to human
health and the environment, shall we give up the benefits the technology
can provide the society?
• Issues raised may be further studied and modification of nanotechnology
methods may be done i.e. that of altering the composition of graphene.
• Graphene is known to be one of the most advanced materials for
✓ structural improvement,
✓ substitution of silicon for electronic devices,
✓ thermal transferring, and
✓ fire retardant,
o to become more environmental friendly. Some studies also found
microorganisms that can decompose graphene to make it less
toxic to the environment (Zhang et al, 2011).
• It is imperative therefore, that the society is given a nano safe knowledge
on how nanomaterials work to our benefit or even to our detriment.
SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Specific
Issues in Science,
Technology and
Society (STS)
Aileen D. Nieva
Chapter Objectives
S&T issues such as:
1. Information Age
Organisms (GMO’s)
4. Nanotechnology
Contents
lives
Unit 5:
Climate Change and
Environmental
Awareness
Unit 5: Climate Change and
Environmental Awareness
This unit:
1. Touches the changes the climate has
undergone, the causes of these changes and
the impacts the changes have done to the
environment and to the society.
2. It also tackles the local, regional and global
scales efforts to mitigate these adverse
impacts.
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Climate Change
• Substances that may come from
industrial plants and motor
vehicles and directly or indirectly
affect humans and may be
deleterious to the physical
environment are called criteria
pollutants.
• Pollutants may be from stationary
Genetically Modified Organisms sources i.e. industrial plants and
other commercial or residential
establishments that do combustion
fossil fuels; or from mobile sources
such as motor vehicles.
Discussion
Climate Change and Environmental Awareness
• Effects of primary pollutants are direct i.e:
✓respiratory illnesses or human toxicity either on short term but
more on long term exposure.
✓Direct impacts are coming from carcinogens (causing cancer)
✓mutagens (damage the genes)
✓teratogens (cause abnormalities in the embryo).
• When pollutants are formed when a substance reacts with one or
two more substance to form a more obnoxious substance i.e.
✓ photochemical smog
✓ a product of five criteria pollutants namely, oxides of
nitrogen and sulfur (NOx, SOx), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and the
particulate matter (PM)
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Global Warming
• due to the greenhouse gases
aside from water vapor that are
present in the atmosphere like
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxides (NOx).
When some ultraviolet rays,
considered as short-wave
radiation, enter the atmosphere for
biological processes such as
Global Warming Process photosynthesis, the radiation is
www.nexans.com converted into the form of long-
wave radiation and is absorbed by
the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere and produces a
general warming effect.
Discussion
• Global warming keeps our planet warm and prevent warmer air
from leaving our planet. The global warming potential (GWP) of
the natural greenhouse gases are small as compared to other
anthropogenic gases from the burning of fossil fuels, power
plants, transportation vehicles and other industrial processes.
• These man-made greenhouse gases plus the increase in
concentration of the natural greenhouse gases cause the
adverse Global Warming.
• Deforestation contributes in the adverse phenomenon. When
forest land is destroyed, CO2 is released into the air thus
increasing the long-wave radiation and trapped heat. This also
affects biodiversity since as rainforest are lost, wildlife habitats
are also lost.
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Several effects of Global Warming are
already felt i.e.
✓melting ice caps that causes dilution
of salt of the ocean and disrupt
natural ocean currents
✓Ocean currents control temperatures
by bringing warmer currents into
cooler areas and cooler currents into
warmer areas.
Melting of Polar Ice Caps • Disruption to this activity can result to
www.thoughtco.com extreme climate changes. Melting ice
caps also affects albedo, the ratio of the
light reflected by any part of the earth's
atmosphere.
Discussion
• Snow, with the highest albedo level, reflects sunlight back
into space making the earth cooler. When snow melts, the
earth’s temperature inclines to increase resulting to global
warming.
• Species such as spruce bark beetles in Alaska are just
supposed to appear on warmer months but since the
temperature has increased, they started to appear all year-
round living the forest dead since they chew on the spruce
trees.
• Polar bears also are starting to decrease their population
since the polar ice caps have started to melt down
decreasing their possible habitats.
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Melting of ice caps can also result
to sea-level rise that will greatly
affect low-lying coastal areas
where a large populations dwell.
• Diseases have spread due to
Global Warming.
• Migratory species are supposed
Zika Virus to migrate every season in a
media.treehugger.com region where there is sufficient
food and water.
Discussion
• Due to Global Warming the areas where these species are
supposed to go are already dry and thus, for survival these
species would transfer to areas with water supply.
• However, since these species are not endemic in the new
found environment, they may carry some microorganisms
that may mutate in which humans have no built-immunity
(Lindell, 2017).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
• A thin layer of ozone (O3) is
maintained at the stratosphere so
as to protect as from the harmful
ultraviolet rays from the sun.
• Only a thin layer is needed since
when larger O3 concentration
occurs, meteorological parameters
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion i.e. temperature and wind will
blogs.worldbank.org bring down O3 in the troposphere
causing respiratory problems on
humans and thus can be
considered as a criteria pollutant.
Discussion
• Ozone depletion occurring in the stratosphere therefore is a
normal photolytic process as well as O3 formation. The reactions
below occur to maintain such thin layer of O3.
✓O2 + UV( < 242 nm) → O + O (Equation 1)
✓O + O2 + M → O3 + M (Equation 2)
✓O3 + UV or visible → O + O2 (Equation 3)
• Due to the presence of substance X, which may either be Cl-, Br-,
NO, OH- coming from substances made of chloroforms, or
bromine-based substances used as aerosols, refrigerants, fire
retardants and the like. The ozone formation and destruction may
now be represented as equations below:
✓X + O3 → XO + O2 (Equation 4)
✓XO + O → X + O2 (Equation 5)
✓O 3 + O → O 2 + O2 (Equation 6)
Discussion
• As an intermediate product, let say X is Cl-, ClONO2 will be produced.
This substance is inert and will just be deposited on both the northern
and southern polar regions due to winds as the earth rotates. The
problem occurs when the ClONO2 reservoirs will be exposed to direct
sunlight when a part of polar region experiences straight six months
24/7 daytime. The following reactions will then occur producing the
obnoxious Cl- radical which is very reactive to the point of destroying
100,000 molecules of O3 in the stratosphere:
✓ HOCl + hv → Cl + OH- (Equation 7)
✓ Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 (Equation 8)
✓ OH- + O3 → HO2 + O2 (Equation 9)
✓ 2O3 → 3O2 (Equation 10)
✓ ClO + HO2 → HOCl + O2 (Equation 11)
✓ HOCl + hv → Cl- + OH- (Equation 12)
• Worst case will occur if available X is Br‑ which is 100 times more
reactive than Cl- (Sherwood Rowland, 2006).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Acid Deposition
• When SOx and NOx react with
particulate matters (dry) or with
water vapor (wet), acid deposition
occurs as it causes surface water
acidification and affect soil
chemistry.
Acidified Lake
• At pHs lower than 5, may affect
www.destination360.com the fertilization of fish eggs and
can kill adult fish. As lakes and
rivers become more acidic
biodiversity is reduced. Many soil
organisms cannot survive if the
soil pH is below 6.
Discussion
• Death of these microorganisms can inhibit decomposition and
nutrient recycling since the enzymes of these microbes
are denatured by the acid or are changed in shape so they no
longer function.
• Deposition of sulfur and nitrogen oxides affect the ability of
leaves to retain water when under stress.
• The low of pH of soil will also allow faster mobility of heavy
metals present in the soil i.e. Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+ and thus, may
contaminate the growing plants which may then bioaccumulate
the heavy metal concentration as it is passed from higher trophic
level to another.
• As these impacts affect the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, it
also imperative to connect its impact on climate change (Apfel,
2008).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Thermal Inversion
• The major component of
photochemical smog,
peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN)
(Wikipedia.org) is a combination
of all these criteria pollutants.
PAN is a transporter for NOx
Thermal Inversion into rural regions and causes
www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com ozone formation in the global
troposphere (Wikipedia.org)
which can decrease visibility
especially in elevated places.
Discussion
• Thermal inversion is also affected by weather conditions, or
it may also occur in some coastal areas because of
upwelling of cold water that lowers the surface air
temperature.
• Topography or man-made barriers like high rise buildings
can also create a temperature inversion. The cold air may
be blocked by these barriers and then pushes under the
warmer air rising from the source thus, creating the
inversion.
• Freezing rain or ice storms develops in some areas with a
temperature inversion in a cold area because snow melts as
it moves through the warm inversion layer.
Discussion
• The rain continues to fall and passes through the cold layer
of air near the ground. As it moves through this final cold air
mass, it becomes "super-cooled" drops, cooled below
freezing without becoming solid.
• Intense thunderstorms and tornadoes are also associated
with inversions because of the intense energy that is
released after an inversion blocks the normal convection
patterns of a region (ThoughtCo.).
• Thermal inversion profiles lead to sea surface temperature
to decrease on the seasonal time scale via heat exchange
at the bottom of the mixed layer, which balances
climatological atmospheric cooling in fall and winter (Nagura
et al, 2015).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• El Niño is normal climate pattern that
describes the unusual warming of
surface waters in the eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean also known as the
“warm phase”. The opposite of it is La
Niña, the “cool phase” which is a
pattern that describes the unusual
cooling of the surface waters of the
region.
• However, abnormalities in the
Unusual Flooding occurrences of these phenomena
static.sify.com cause widespread and severe changes
in the climate. Rainfall increases
drastically in Ecuador and northern
Peru, contributing to coastal flooding
and erosion due to the
convection above warmer surface
waters.
Discussion
• Increased rains brings floods that may destroy homes, schools,
hospitals, businesses, and crops. On the other side of the world, it
brings droughts that threaten the supply of water and destruction of
crops affecting agriculture.
• Stronger El Niño and La Niña events also disrupt global atmospheric
circulation bringing colder winters, unusual heavy rains and flooding in
dessert areas (News/Floods, 2016) and other weather abnormalities.
• The physical health after the disasters brought about by Climate
Change such as droughts and floods is not all that matters.
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Grief
• other manifestations of loss and conflict may occur when familiar
environments are damaged and social connections threatened
(Woodward, 2017). With all these adverse impacts due to climate
change, actions must be done
Discussion
• Environmental Awareness
✓One of the main culprit of Climate Change is the
increasing CO2 present in the atmosphere coming from
industrial sources and mobile sources.
✓Shifting of fossil fuels as sources of energy to renewable
energy resources i.e. solar, wind, or hydro is one way to
decrease generation of CO2.
✓For spaces that need air conditioning or heating, they
could be sealed or ensure adequate insulation to have
more energy efficiency.
✓When buying appliances such as refrigerators, washing
machine and the like, buy those that are tagged as
energy efficient.
Discussion
✓Lessen consumption of energy and even water since it
takes a lot of energy in pumping and heating water.
✓Consume less of meat products since it takes a lot of
energy in growing, processing, packaging and shipping
these products.
✓Use better bulbs like Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs to
lessen up to 80% your energy consumption.
✓Buy fuel-efficient vehicles with higher fuel economy
performance (Denchak, 2017).
Discussion
• Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
where the Philippines is one of the signatories.
• This protocol commits each signatory or member by
setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
• This was adopted in 1997 but the first commitment period
started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
• In order to be sustainable without jeopardizing the need of
energy for economic growth, developed countries like
United States and Canada committed to cut by 2% their
CO2 emissions until 2050 to help in solving the problem
on Climate Change.
• It is estimated that by 2050, the world will have an
approximate 80% reduction on CO2 emissions (Stephen,
2008).
Discussion
• Montreal Protocol is gradually eliminating the
manufacture, trading and consumption of ozone
depleting substances (ODS) to help the ozone layer
recuperate from the hole it has attained due to increasing
ODS.
• It is signed by 197 countries including the Philippines
(USEPA, 2017).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Disaster Risk Management
• Due to global warming and the
melting of ice caps at the Polar
regions, sea level rise is now a
threat to coastal cities. There
are low-lying regions like that of
Cartagena de Indias,
Cartagena de Indias surrounded by the Caribbean
www.eluniversal.com.co and its interior bodies of water
that feared of being wiped out
of the map if they do not act
quickly.
Discussion
• With the help of Climate and Development Knowledge
Network (CDKN), a program funded by the United Kingdom
Department for International Development (DFID) and the
Netherlands Directorate-Generwsal for International
Cooperation (DGIS) for the benefit of developing countries, the
city of Cartagena de Indias included the adaptation to climate
change in the district development plan as a cross-cutting topic of
great importance in the territorial use of land in the city, which, in
turn, articulates with other planning tools, such as the Territorial
Land Use Plan (POT) and the Risk Management Plan.
• This will help the city to become more resilient to climate
phenomena. The plan will involve the citizens of the city in the
design and creation of an adapted neighborhood in a zone where
the socio-economically vulnerable communities (CDKN, 2013).
Discussion
• This is a declaration of Leaders of APEC, gathered in Cartagena
de Indias, Colombia, October 24-26, 2010, during the "XII
Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Mecanismo de
Dialogo y Concertacion de Tuxtla“, which
• "emphasize the importance of the Hyogo Framework for
Action aimed to raise awareness, mobilize action and build
global, regional, national and local, existing practices to
reduce loss of life, social and environmental needs of
communities following a disaster, including climate change
adaptation highlight the work of the Secretariat of the
International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR) in
its role to promote, and monitor its application, particularly
through the campaigns 'Disaster risk reduction begins at
school', 'Safe hospitals' and 'Making cities resilient', promoted
by the Strategy" Foro de Ministros del Medio Ambiente de
America Latina y El Caribe (2016).
Discussion
Climate Change and
• Just after the publication of this
plan for Cartagena de Indias,
Philippines was struck by typhoon
Haiyan also known as typhoon
Yolanda in the Philippines.
• It is known to be extremely powerful
and deadliest typhoon ever
recorded in history worldwide. The
national disaster risk reduction and
management plan (NDRRMP) of
the Philippines for 2011 to 2028
Typhoon Haiyan was revisited and was prioritized.
www.hani.co.kr
Discussion
• This is a plan that guides the country on how sustainable
development can be achieved through inclusive growth while
building the:
✓adaptive capacities of communities
✓increasing the resilience of vulnerable sectors
✓optimizing disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in
view of promoting people’s welfare and security towards
gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable
development.
• It aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and
the local government units (LGUs) together with partner
stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities and
to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing
disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing
disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels
(Prevention Web, 2011).

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