• Otorhilaryngology -

is the branch of medicine that

specializes in the diagnosis and
treatment of ear, nose, throat, and
head & neck disorders.
• The full name of the specialty is
otorhilaryngology-head and neck
surgery.
• Practitioners are called
otolaryngologists-head and neck
surgeons, or sometimes
otorhinolaryngologists (ORL).
• The average specialist in
otorhinolaryngology sees patients with
disorders of the ears, nose, or throat and
may follow patients with problems in these
areas or offer surgical solutions to present
issues.
• Many people see an ENT(ear,nose,throat)
for procedures like tonsil and adenoid
removal, draining the sinuses, or inserting
ear tubes.
• It is often the case that people view the
ENT as most frequently performing
surgeries like tonsillectomies, but this is a
vast underestimation of the work these
doctors perform.
• Even if a specialist in otorhinolaryngology
doesn’t pursue a subspecialty, this doctor
may still provide a vast array of services.
 Examination of the nose

• Examination of the nose

• The nose can be examined in three parts:
• 1. Examination of the external nose
• 2. Anterior Rhinoscopy
• 3. Posterior Rhinoscopy.
 Examination of the External Nose
1.Examination of the External Nose:
Inspection:
• Congenital deformities: Clefts, sinuses.
• Acquired Deformities,
• Shape,
• Swelling, ( Inflammatory, cysts, tumors)
• Ulceration ( Trauma, neoplastic, infective).
• Palpation:It is carried for;
• tenderness,
• crepitus, and
• deformities.
• Tenderness over the tip is due to a boil. Over the
dorsum is due to trauma.
 Anterior Rhinoscopy

It consists of the following steps:

• 1. Examination of the vestibule (Skin lined part
of the nares)
• 2. Examination of the nasal cavity using the
nasal speculum
• 3. Patency tests
• 4. Probe test
• 5. Examination after vasoconstriction.
 Posterior Rhinoscopy
Posterior Rhinoscopy:
It is carried out to examine the post
nasal space (nasopharynx). It is a
difficult space to examine so the
disease may be hidden for quite a
long time. Different methods of
examining the area are;
• Post nasal mirror.
• Nasopharyngoscope.
• Examination under anaesthesia
after palatal retraction.
• Digital palpation.
• Radiological examination.
 The nasal endoscope
Endoscopy is a minimally invasive, diagnostic
medical procedure. It is used to examine the interior
surfaces of an organ or tissue and allows visualization of
body cavities not possible by standard examination.
• The nasal endoscope is a medical device consisting of a
thin, rigid tube with fiberoptic cables for illumination.
• The endoscope is then connected to a light source and
a video camera to project the images on a monitor.
• These endoscopic images can be captured and recorded
for documentation for each patient.
 Oropharyngoscopy
Direct visual examination of the pharynx
and oral cavity.
It is make by tongue depressor and rigid
or flexible endoscope.
Useful not only in examination, but also in
removal of foreign bodies and getting of
biopsies.
 Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy is a term describing
visualization or examination of the
larynx and upper airway structures. 
Exist direct and indirect
laryngoscopy.
First one they perform by rigid
laryngoscope, second- by a special
mirror and endoscope.
They use it in tracheal intubation
and airway management in modern
anesthesia and critical care practice
as well as in many trauma and
foreign bodies cases.
 Otoscopy
Visual examination of external
auditory canal and eardrum
(tympanic membrane).
May be perform by ear speculum,
otoscope, endoscope and
microscope.