Week 3

Literature review
 Ask students
…….
questions from the following
•Assignment 1 queries
•Email assignments
 Recap
• Research biasness
• Empirical research
• Topic/area
• Problem statement?
• Research Gap
• Conceptualization
– Elements
– Backward thinking
– Abstract
 Examples
• Manager may notice that frequent price
promotions of a product has a negative
effect on product sales.
– Interviews with customer Apllied research
– Based on interviews : develop a theory
– Manager can test this theory using
hypotheses.
• Sales manager observe that customers are
not pleased with the product
– Talk to customers, items out of stock, salespersons are not
helpful, supplier issues Apllied research
– How do delays affect customer satisfaction?. Hypotheses?
 Sample Abstract
The shift from an industrial to knowledge economy implies that
people’s knowledge becomes the main source of production.
From an organization's view, it is the employees’ competence
(human capital) that needs to be captured through knowledge
sharing behavior. The purpose of this study is to close research
gaps present in knowledge sharing success by examining the
linkages between employees’ knowledge-sharing through
collaboration, perceived values of involvement, trustworthiness
and formal recognition(Purpose). The research data was
collected by using simple random sampling techniques from a
population of knowledge workers in Pakistani IT organizations.
The results of factor analysis show that new components are
emerged. This study will be beneficial for researchers,
practitioners, scholars and organizations (leaders and
employees).(audience)
 Sample Abstract
Based on previous research, a conceptual model is
developed for the study and hypotheses are
formulated.The cross-sectional dataset comes from a
sample of 390 employees of 19 KIFs. Structural equation
modeling (SEM) techniques are applied to test the
proposed hypotheses. The results suggest that
collaborative HRM practices have a direct positive effect
on employees’ knowledge sharing behavior. Surprisingly,
we found that employees’ knowledge sharing behavior is
independent of reward systems and employees’
recognition. We further confirmed that Knowledge
sharing improves the personal development of
employees.
 Sample Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out
the relationship between the human resources
management practices and firm level
performance. The study conducted on 82
Indian firms indicates that there is a
significant relationship between the two
human resources practices, namely, training
and compensation, and perceived
organizational and market performance of the
firm.
 Structure of an Abstract
An academic abstract typically outlines four
elements relevant to the completed work:
• The research focus (i.e. statement of the
problem(s)/research issue(s)
• The research methods used (experimental
research, case studies, questionnaires, etc.);
• The results/findings of the research
• The main conclusions/recommendations
significance of study
Concept Mapping
review writing
 What is Literature review
• Note: Background of your research is a form of literature
review but mostly focused on broad area
• literature, already published.
• A description of your topic area, supported by
references
• A summary, discussion and critical analysis of
research work related to your research
question
• Ideas about which approaches are likely to work, and
which are the best
• Justification for the approach that you are taking
 The Role of Literature
 Past Literature
 When a research project is conducted the
relevant theory is supposed to use. This means
that relevant part of the knowledge must be
applied.
 prime purpose of the literature
o frame the problem
o İdentify relevant concepts, methods, techniques
and facts
o Position the study (any study should add
something new
o A literature review should include evaluation and
critique of the literature.
• You must remain objective and unbiased in
your background/review the literature. You
need to report on what has been written
recently about your topic and position
yourself.
• Connecting words:
– While, however, consequently, recently, in
addition.
– Connecting words improve the flow of ideas
presented in your assignment/project.
 Cont..
• A literature review allows the researcher to
say:
• The work of Authors A, B, and C has
discovered this much about my research
problem; the investigations of Mr. X and later
by MS. Z have subsequently added to
knowledge. I propose to go beyond their work
in the following manner.
 Data Sources
• Text books
• Journals
• Theses
• Conference proceedings
• Unpublished material
• Reports
• Newspapers
• The Internet
 Common Plagiarism
• Source not cited
– Change the authors name
– Direct quotations significant portion
– Potluck paper
– Self stealer
• Source cited
– Quotation marks, mis-representation,