ME/MF F213 Materials Science and Engineering

Lecture 3

BITS Pilani Murali Palla

I/C: Sachin U. Belgamwar
Pilani Campus
 Module 3: Crystal Defects
3. Crystal imperfections such as Point,
line, planer and volume defects. Influence
of crystal defects on properties of
materials.
L3.1 Classification of crystal defects, T 4.1-4.6. Diffusion process, grain
point defects, vacancies, interstitials, RL.M3.1LI boundary strengthening,
vacancy concentration and influence of ASTM grain size
point defect on properties of materials. number. Effect of
L3.2. Line defects-edge dislocation, screw T 4.6-4.11 dislocation on
dislocation, Burger vector. Influence of RL.M3L2 formability.
line defects on plastic deformation of and M3L3
materials and deformation by slip and
Planer defects- tilt boundaries, twin
boundaries, grain boundaries and surfaces.
Influence of planer defect, strengthening
mechanisms twinning,
T3. Exercise problems on crystal T4
imperfections and its effect.
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Defects in Crystals

Crystal Defects Classification

Zero Dimensional One Dimensional Two Dimensional Three Dimensional
❖Vacancies ❖Dislocations ➢Surfaces ➢Voids
❖Interstitials ❖Edge & Screw ➢Grain ➢Precipitates
❖Frenkel boundaries ➢Inclusions
❖Schottky defects ➢Interphase
❖Substitutional boundaries
➢Twin boundaries
➢Stacking faults
➢Cracks

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Zero Dimensional Defects

Frenkel defect

Shottky defect

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One Dimensional Defects

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Plasticity Mechanism

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Slip Mechanism

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Burgers Vector

Edge dislocation Screw dislocation

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Pierls-Nabarro stress

The resistance to dislocation motion

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Slip Systems

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Strengthening Mechanisms

• Alloying
• Cold working
• Precipitation hardening
• Grain size reduction
• Quenching-> Martensitic
phase transformation
• …

To impart strength to materials,

we need to increase resistance
for dislocation motion.

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Two Dimensional Defects

Tilt and Twist grain boundaries

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ASTM grain size

ASTM Grain Size Number

Number of
grains per
square inch
when viewed
at 100X
Magnification

Hall Petch relationship

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Twin Boundary

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Three Dimensional Defects

Precipitates in Superalloy Microstructure

Voids seen on a ductile fracture micrograph

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Discussion Q&A

• Structure sensitive properties

• Characterization of defects and structure
• Thermodynamics of defects

Probability of finding a defect

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Structure Determination
X-Ray Diffraction

Single Crystal Polycrystal

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Structure Determination
X-Ray Diffraction

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Metallography

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