Tcpipflex

TCP/IP & BASIS License Manager
• The BASIS License Manager requires TCP/IP

• & TCP/IP hostname resolution
• Overview of the TCP/IP four-layer model
• Hostname resolution
• Using TCP/IP utilities
©1985-2002 BASIS International Ltd. All rights reserved. Sales: 505.938.6101 Tech Support: 505.345.5021 E-mail: info@basis.com www.basis.com
When Is The BLM Needed
• All PRO5 products REV 2.10 and up. The exception is

Windows single-user Visual PRO/5 and single-user ODBC.
• Multiuser ODBC license
• All BBj products, single or multiuser
Note: the BLM can run on all operating systems that BASIS
supports, including Win95 or Win98. However, a server OS
is highly recommended, like Win NT, SCO, HP-UX, AIX,
etc.
BBj & BASIS License Manager
The BLM gives you the ability to dispense licenses anywhere

on the network, regardless of the operating system. The
process of dispensing licenses is done through the use of
TCP/IP hostname resolution.
BLM Install Checklist
• Identify server(s) that will run the BLM

• Must have working network card. Required for Visual
PRO/5, PRO/5 or ODBC multiuser licenses, all PRO/5 Data
Server licenses and all BBj licenses.
• TCP/IP must be configured for hostname resolution
• BASIS product media, serial and authorization numbers
available
TCP/IP Four-Layer Model
• Transmission control protocol & Internet protocol

have four main layers:
• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network layer
Application Layer
• Window Socket Applications:
Use port number and an address • Netbios applications
to which it will send and receive • Netbios over TCP/IP
data; type of socket (stream or
datagram); and an interface to • For example, many NT
which it is bound (protocol) services run Netbios over
• Sockets: part of interprocess
communication in which two
TCP/IP, such as the
processes, either local or ‘server’ service (browsing,
remote, exchange data making or connecting to a
• Applications like the PRO/5 Data network share)
Server or the BLM
Services Applet in Control Panel
Transport Layer
• TCP: Provides connection • UDP: Provides

orientated, reliable connectionless
communications for apps communications and does
that transfer large not guarantee delivery of
amounts of data like the packets. Generally used for
PRO/5 data server. transferring small amounts of
data.
TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Stream connection
• Reliable and sequenced
• Ongoing connection
UDP
• User Datagram Protocol
• Unreliable and unsequenced

• No ongoing connection
• Allows broadcast
Internet Layer
• IP (Internet Protocol)
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
• IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
IP (Internet Protocol)
• Primarily responsible for addressing and routing

packets between hosts and networks
• IP uses either TCP or UDP to move the data
packets across the network
ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol)
• Obtains hardware addresses of hosts located on
the same physical network
• Once the hostname is resolved to the IP address,
ARP maps the host IP address to the MAC
address of the network card
ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
• Sends messages and reports errors regarding
the delivery of the packets
• It is useful to think of ICMP as one IP package
talking to another host's IP package, in terms of
echo request and reply, destination and source,
time-stamping, time-to-live, etc.
IGMP (Internet Group
Management Protocol)
• Used by IP hosts to report host group
memberships to local multicast routers
• Similar to ICMP, but the messages sent are
referred to groups of nodes instead of individual
nodes. Routers use IGMP to multicast out
messages to multiple nodes.
Network Layer
• LAN technologies such as Ethernet, Token Ring,

FDDI
• WAN technologies such as Frame Relay, Fiber
Optic, ATM, Serial Lines (dial-up) where PPP
(Point-To-Point Protocol) is used, for example
with VPN.
TCP/IP Hostname Resolution
This can be defined as the process of

converting human-friendly names into
computer-friendly numbers (IP
addresses)
TCP/IP Hostname Resolution
• When you attempt to access a remote system via

its hostname, the hostname resolution process
begins in this order:
• Local cache
• Hosts files
• DNS server
Local Cache Uses ARP
• To minimize the number of broadcasts over the network, ARP
maintains address mappings for future use.
• Each time you communicate with a host, an entry is made in

ARP cache. The entry is time stamped. If not used again within
two minutes, it is deleted.
Note: You can set the ‘Arpcachelife’ parameter in the registry.
Hosts Files in UNIX & Windows
• In ASCII Format
• Simplest method, using a lookup table
• Hosts files list IP addresses, each followed by one or
more hostnames (separated by spaces or tabs) to act
as aliases
• Windows 95/98: file is located in /windows/ directory
• Windows NT: file is located in /winnt/system32/drivers/etc/
directory
• Unix: File is located at root in the /etc/ directory
Host File Example
• #Host Files
• 127.0.0.1 local host # Loopback to local host

• 192.168.0.10 mypc # Local PC
• 192.168.2.1 scosysv # Frequently used server
• 209.150.48.18 orion orion.basis.com # gateway
server
• #end file
Host File Example
• Entries in the host file are resolved quickly and do

not require connection to a name server
• Frequently used for FTP, Telnet sessions, as well
as client/server applications like BASIS products,
in environments with few users.
Domain Name Service (DNS)
• The standard for name resolution on the Internet

and used locally in environments with medium to
great number of users
• First developed for UNIX
• A DNS client sends a hostname to a DNS server
and receives an IP address in response
• These names can be simple Netbios node names
like Leghorn, to FQDN like Leghorn.Basis.Com
UNIX DNS
DNS is a little complex for a full discussion here. DNS

should only be done by a qualified network system
administrator. But what follows is brief overview.
UNIX DNS Uses Configuration Files
• named.conf file: found in /etc/ directory

// type domain source file or host
zone "." {
type hint;
file "db.cache";
zone "basis.com" in {
type master;
file "db.basis";
check-names warn;
zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
type master;
file "db.192.168.1";
check-names warn;
• Resolv.conf
db.cache file
•A Host can use the db.cache file to remember names and

Addresses it has learned. Mainly used for quick name resolution
for an intranet.
#db.cache file
\par kazoo2:/usr/lib/named$ more db.cache
\par ;
\par ; Cache file for the Internal DNS domain for basis.com.
\par ; Each non-internet connected name server for basis.com
should load this.
\par ;
\par ; don't use this on our internet connected host!.
\par ;
\par . 99999999 IN NS kazoo2.basis.com.
\par . 99999999 IN NS dino.basis.com.
\par kazoo2.basis.com. 99999999 IN A 192.168.1.21
\par dino.basis.com. 99999999 IN A 192.168.1.140
db.basis file
• Provides Name to Address Mapping for Basis.Com
; The origin "basis.com" is added to all names not ending with a dot.
;
@ IN SOA dino.basis.com. root.dino.basis.com. (
434 ; Serial
300 ; Refresh after 5 minutes
3600 ; Retry after 1 hour
604800 ; Expire after 1 week
86400 ) ; Minimum TTL of 1 day
;
; Name servers ( the name '@' is implied )
;
IN NS kazoo2.basis.com.
IN NS dino.basis.com.
IN MX 0 mail.basis.com.
;
; Address for canonical names on external network
;
;basis IN A 204.52.207.1
;elroy IN A 204.52.207.4
; Address for canonical names on internal network
;
;basis.com. IN A 192.168.1.140
abu IN A 192.168.1.147
addon IN A 192.168.1.52
addon2 IN A 192.168.1.91
db.192.168.1 file
•Address to Name Mapping for Basis.Com
kazoo2:/usr/lib/named$ more db.192.168.1
;
; Address-to=Name mapping for basis.com.
;
; The origin "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" is added to all names not ending with a dot.
;
@ IN SOA kazoo2.basis.com. root.kazoo2.basis.com. (
434 ; Serial
10800 ; Refresh after 3 hours
3600 ; Retry after 1 hour
604800 ; Expire after 1 week
86400 ) ; Minimum TTL of 1 day
;
; Name servers ( the name '@' is implied )
;
IN NS kazoo2.basis.com.
IN NS dino.basis.com.
Addresses point to canonical names
;
1 IN PTR portsvr.basis.com.
2 IN PTR ernestine.basis.com.
3 IN PTR pristine.basis.com.
4 IN PTR basis.basis.com.
Combining Approaches
To DNS & Hosts Files
• Some systems allow the systems administrator to use
DNS and hosts files. Then you can specify the order in
which they are consulted.
• Depending on the UNIX flavor, an entry would be made
in hosts.conf or resolv.conf file.
• A typical entry would be: order hosts, bind
• With this entry, the hosts file is parsed first, if no entry
is found, then the DNS server is consulted.
UNIX Client Configuration for DNS
RESOLV.CONF FILE IDENTIFIES THE

DOMAIN AND THE DNS SERVERS
$ cd /etc/
$ more resolv.conf
domain basis.com
nameserver 192.168.1.21 # kazzoo2
nameserver 192.168.1.140 # dino

Windows NT DNS
Windows NT Uses a DNS manager to

configure the DNS server.
Windows NT Server 4.0
• To install it, select the Services tab in the network

control panel
• You can then access the DNS Manager from the
Administrative Tools menu
• You must first add the DNS server’s IP address
with the ‘New Server’ command in the DNS menu
Configuring NT Server
• The configuration will consist of zones or DNS databases

• You will then create a new zone and choose ‘primary’ as
zone type
• Next you would create domain entries, hostnames and
resource records under the primary zone
• If you are using multiple DNS servers, you would create
secondary zones to be used for redundancy between DNS
servers
Windows Client Configuration
for DNS
• First select the protocol tabs in the network
control panel
• Highlight TCPIP, select properties and select the
dns tab. Here you specify the client hostname,
domain, DNS server IP address and search
order, if more than one
DNS Client Configuration
DNS DATABASE
• The DNS server stores its information in simple

ASCII database files
• Each DNS file includes an SOA (Start Of
Authority) record, specifying administrative
information for the zone, followed by a number of
records describing the hosts and other entries in
the zone
DNS & Windows Internet Name
Service (WINS)
• If DNS is unavailable, it can optionally access a
WINS server to resolve the name as a Netbios
name
• To do this, select properties in the DNS menu in
the DNS manager
• Select the WINS Lookup tab and select ‘Use
Wins Resolution’ option
• Add at least one WINS server to the list
Netbios Hostname Resolution
• WINS server
• B-node broadcast
• Lmhosts files
WINS
• Microsoft's implementation of NetBios Name

Service(NBNS), which avoids heavy B-node broadcasts
• WINS uses H-node broadcasting by default: Netbios
apps/services first query WINS for Netbios names, the
WINS server replies with a positive response, If the name
is registered
• If WINS is not available, then Netbios names are resolved
by a B-node broadcast
Here You Can View What
NetBios Is Bound To
Installing WINS
• WINS is installed from the network control panel.

Select Services tab and then select Add &
choose WINS
• WINS Manager is in Administrative Tools menu
• To configure, launch the WINS Manager and
select configuration from the menu
• WINS can cross routers. Also, at least one WINS
server is recommended per 5,000 clients
Configuring WINS
• Windows NT and Windows 95/98 can select both

a primary & secondary WINS server in TCP/IP
Properties
• Any Windows NT server can act as a WINS
server. WINS clients access servers strictly by IP
address, so WINS like DNS servers must have
dedicated IP addresses (or reserved IP
addresses if using DHCP)
B-Node Broadcasting
• If hosts files and DNS servers fail to resolve the

hostname to an IP address, then Netbios name
resolution begins. The node sends a Netbios
name query to the entire local subnet.
• If a machine finds a match, it sends a reply to the
original node and a Netbios session is
established.
Lmhosts Files (Windows Only)
• Lmhosts files are searched if a negative response is

received from a B-node broadcast or from WINS
• Windows NT: file is located in \Winnt\system32\drivers\etc\
• Windows 95/98: file is located in \Windows\ directory
• Similar to hosts file and is also a standard ASCII file
Lmhosts Uses IP Address &
Netbios Names
• Sample:
168.192.150.1 SYSTEM1
168.192.150.2 SYSTEM2 #PRE #SEE BELOW
168.192.150.10 ORION #DOM: BASIS
#Note: #Pre determines which entries that should be

preloaded into cache
#Dom Facilitates domain activity such as user login
validations over a router, account synchronization and
browsing
Using TCP/IP Utilities for
Information & Troubleshooting
• Ping
• Hostname
• Nslookup
• Netstat
• Ifconfig
• Ipconfig
• Trace Route
Hostname Utility
• You can type hostname at the UNIX or DOS prompt and

this will return the Netbios (computer name) assigned to
that system
• We commonly use this when we configure the BLM
• Example, Microsoft Windows NT:
(C) Copyright 1985-1996 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>hostname
server
PING: A Diagnostic Utility
• Sends an echo request icmp packet to a remote

node and waits for a response
• Used to troubleshoot network connectivity
• Test Hostname resolution by pinging hostnames
from server to client and client to server
PING Example
C:\>ping server
Pinging server.basis.com
[192.168.1.189] with 32 bytes of
data:
Reply from 192.168.1.189:
bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.189:
Reply from 192.168.1.189:
Troubleshooting DNS With
Nslookup
• A diagnostic utility for DNS that allows you to
display resource records on the DNS server
• You can use Nslookup with Windows or UNIX
DNS implementation
• From a DOS or UNIX prompt type: Nslookup
Hostx, where Hostx is a host in your domain. This
will return the IP address as stored in the DNS
database.
Nslookup Utility (UNIX or
Windows)
$ nslookup leghorn
Name Server: kazoo2.basis.com
Address: 192.168.1.21

Name: leghorn.basis.com
Address: 192.168.1.150
NETSTAT Command for UNIX
$ netstat -f inet -a
This output returns information on
what ports have connections and
where they are, as well as the
status of the connections, i.e.
ESTABLISHED, TIME_WAIT, or
LISTEN.
NETSTAT Utility
$ netstat
Active Internet connections
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address
(state)
tcp 0 0 leghorn.1113 kazoo2.domain
TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 105 leghorn.telnet ozy.3072
ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 leghorn.netbios- bugsbunny.1074
ESTABLISHED
tcp 147 0 leghorn.1111 heckle.26916
ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 leghorn.1109 kazoo2.1300
ESTABLISHED
tcp 147 0 leghorn.1108 heckle.26916
ESTABLISHED
IFCONFIG (UNIX)
$/etc/ifconfig -a
This information will tell what
network cards are UP,
BROADCASTING and
RUNNING along with the IP
address and MAC address.
IPCONFIG Utility (Windows)
C:\>ipconfig /all
Windows NT IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . : ozy.basis.com
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.21
192.168.1.140
Node Type . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast
NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . :
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS : No
Ethernet adapter El90x1: This can be
Description . . . . . . . . : 3Com 3C90x Ethernet Adapter
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-10-5A-00-30-DF
useful when
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No verifying a mac
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.136 address of a
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
network card
Traceroute (UNIX) or Tracert (NT)
•This utility displays the hosts

(servers or routers) that lie
between the current host and
the destination (remote host)
• Useful for troubleshooting
routing or network connectivity,
i.e., slow e-mail service
Sample Traceroute Command
basis:~$ traceroute 205.189.200.27
traceroute to 205.189.200.27 (205.189.200.27),
30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 gw.basis.com (209.150.89.222) 2.218 ms
1.996 ms 3.899 ms
2 209.150.88.105 (209.150.88.105) 25.458 ms
22.03 ms 17.476 ms
3 sl-gw8-ana-9-0-T3.sprintlink.net
(144.228.170.21) 109.54 ms 100.34 ms
4 14 spc-tor-7-POS5-0-0.Sprint-
Canada.Net (204.50.128.14) 235.993 ms
5 18 spc-tor-7-5-0-0.descore.descore.com
(205.189.200.27) 252.472 ms 239.776 ms
Resources
• Books
• Unix System Administration by O’Reilly
• Windows NT Server Networking Guide by MS Press
• Windows NT Technical Support by MS Press
• MCSE in a Nutshell by O’Reilly
• MS TCP/IP Training Guide by MS Press
• TCP/IP by Parker
• BASIS Technical Support
• Web sites:
• http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/port-numbers
• http://www.private/org.il/mini-faq.html

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TCP/IP & BASIS License Manager

• The BASIS License Manager requires TCP/IP

• All PRO5 products REV 2.10 and up. The exception is

The BLM gives you the ability to dispense licenses anywhere

• Identify server(s) that will run the BLM

• Transmission control protocol & Internet protocol

• TCP: Provides connection • UDP: Provides

• Transmission Control Protocol

• User Datagram Protocol

• Unreliable and unsequenced

• Primarily responsible for addressing and routing

• LAN technologies such as Ethernet, Token Ring,

This can be defined as the process of

• When you attempt to access a remote system via

• Each time you communicate with a host, an entry is made in

Note: You can set the ‘Arpcachelife’ parameter in the registry.

• 127.0.0.1 local host # Loopback to local host

• Entries in the host file are resolved quickly and do

• The standard for name resolution on the Internet

DNS is a little complex for a full discussion here. DNS

• named.conf file: found in /etc/ directory

•A Host can use the db.cache file to remember names and

RESOLV.CONF FILE IDENTIFIES THE

Windows NT Uses a DNS manager to

• To install it, select the Services tab in the network

• The configuration will consist of zones or DNS databases

• The DNS server stores its information in simple

• Microsoft's implementation of NetBios Name

• WINS is installed from the network control panel.

• Windows NT and Windows 95/98 can select both

• If hosts files and DNS servers fail to resolve the

• Lmhosts files are searched if a negative response is

#Note: #Pre determines which entries that should be

• You can type hostname at the UNIX or DOS prompt and

• Sends an echo request icmp packet to a remote

•This utility displays the hosts

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