Database Management System

(CSE249)
 UNITS
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES

UNIT 2 RELATIONAL DATABASE LANGUAGE & INTEFACES

UNIT 3 NORMALIZATION IN DESIGN OF DATABASES

UNIT 4 TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT

UNIT 5 CONCURRENCY CONTROL
 Contents – UNIT 1
Introduction to Databases
Unit 1 Topic 1 Introduction of DBMS, Characteristic of DBMS, Data
Models, Database languages, Database Administrator,
Database Users

Unit 1 Topic 2 Three Schema architecture of DBMS, Data Models,

Hierarchical, Network, Data independence and
Database language, DDL, DML, Data Modeling using
Entity Relationship Model
Unit 1 Topic 3 Strong Entity, Weak entity, Specialization and
generalization, converting ER Model to relational
tables
 Introduction To Databases
• Introduction of DBMS
• Characteristic of DBMS
• Data Models
• Database languages
• Database Administrator
• Database Users
 Database Users
• Variety of people are associated with the creation and use
of databases.
• There are mainly two categories of database users
– Actors on the Scene: Those who actually use and
control the database content, and those who design,
develop and maintain database
– Workers Behind the Scene: Those who design and
develop the DBMS software and related tools, and the
computer systems operators. Typically do not use the
database for their own purposes.
 Database Users
• Actors on the Scene
– Database administrators (DBA)
– Database designers
– System Analyst
– Application Programmers
– End users
• Casual end users
• Naive or parametric end users
• Sophisticated end users
• Standalone users
• Workers Behind the Scene
– DBMS system designers and implementers
– Tool developers
– Operators and maintenance personnel
 Actors on the scene
• Database Designers
– Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the
database.
– They must communicate with the end-users and
understand their needs.
• System Analysts
– Determine the requirements of end users; especially
naive and parametric end users
 Actors on the scene
• Application Programmers
– Application programmers implement these
specifications as programs;
– These users write application programs to interact
with the database.
– Such programs access the database by issuing the
appropriate request, typically a SQL statement to
DBMS.
– then they test, debug, document, and maintain these
canned transactions
– Such analysts and programmers—commonly referred
to as software developers or software engineers
 Actors on the scene
• End Users
– People whose jobs require access to the database
– They use the data for queries, reports and some of
them update the database content.
– End-users can be categorized into
• Casual end users
• Naive or parametric end users
• Sophisticated end users
• Standalone or On-line end users
 Categories of End-users: Casual
• Access database occasionally when needed for querying,
updating, and generating reports
• May need different information each time.
• Use database query language to specify their request
• For example: High level managers who access the data
weekly or biweekly.
 Categories of End-users: Naive or Parametric
• These users have no clue on database management systems
and do not know how to access database or how to make
requests from database directly. 
• Users typically access the database through given GUIs that
has readable menu items for opening windows
forms or web pages to interact with data.
• For example: Bank executive opens the interface given for
entering customer information, check account balances, post
withdrawals/ deposits.
• Student is registering on a website for an online
examination, creates data in the database by entering and
submitting his name, address and exam details.
• Reservation clerks for airlines, hotels, etc., check availability
of seats/rooms and make reservations.
Categories of End-users: Stand-alone
• These users will have stand-alone database for their
personal use.
• These kinds of database will have readymade database
packages which will have menus and graphical interfaces.
• For example: Library management software that store
variety of library data such as issue and return of books for
fine purposes.
 Categories of End-users: Sophisticated
• Scientists, engineers, business analysts who thoroughly study
SQL and DBMS so as to implement their applications to meet
their complex requirements.
• They are database developers, who write SQL queries to
select/insert/delete/update data.
• They do not use any application or programs to request the
database rather directly interact with the database by means
of query language like SQL.
• In short, this category includes designers and developers of
DBMS and SQL.
• These may be CADD systems, knowledge-based and expert
systems, complex data systems (audio/video), etc.
 Workers Behind the Scene
• Those who design and develop the DBMS software and
related tools, and the computer systems operators
(called “Workers Behind the Scene”).
• Typically do not use the database for their own purposes
– DBMS system designers and implementers
– Tool developers
– Operators and maintenance personnel
 Workers behind the Scene: DBMS system
designers and implementers
• Design and implement the DBMS modules (for
implementing the catalog, query language, interface
processors, data access, concurrency control, recovery,
and security) and interfaces as a software package
 Workers behind the Scene
• Tool developers
• Tools are optional packages that are often purchased
separately
• Include packages for database design, performance
monitoring, natural language or graphical interfaces,
prototyping, simulation, and test data generation.

• Operators and maintenance personnel

• Responsible for the day-to-day operation of the system
• System administration personnel who are responsible for
the actual running and maintenance of the hardware
and software environment for the database system.
 Database Administrator
• Data Base Administrator (DBA) is a person or group in
charge for implementing DBMS in an organization.
• Database Administrator's job requires a high degree of
technical expertise and the ability to understand and
interpret management requirements at a senior level.
• In practice the DBA may consist of team of people
rather than just one person
Functions of Data Base Administrator
• Coordinates all the activities of the database system
– has a good understanding of the enterprise’s
information resources and needs.
• Main responsibilities of DBA:
– Makes decisions concerning the content of the
database
– Plans storage structures and access strategies
– Provides support to users
– Defines security and integrity checks
– Interprets backup and recovery strategies
– Monitoring performance and responding to
changes in requirements