ENVIRONMENTAL

OCCUPATIONAL,
HEALTH AND SAFETY
OBJECTIVES
• Familiarize with relevant policies, safeguards
instruments and mitigation measures relevant
to Occupational Health and Safety
• Discuss the basic causes of workplace
accidents; and differentiate accidents, unsafe
acts and unsafe conditions;
• Recognize and articulate the importance of
occupational safety and health in the
construction.
TOPICS
• Importance of Safety
• Accidents
• Policy Guidelines and Safeguards Instruments
• Environmental Safety
• Community Health and Safety
• Occupational Health Safety
• Construction Safety
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Tool box Meeting
WHY IS SAFETY
IMPORTANT?
Global OSH Situationer
International Labour Organization Report

➢317 Million accidents reported annually

➢352,769 of which are fatal

➢160 Million work-related illnesses / diseases

reported

➢1,979,262 of which are fatal

Global OSH Situationer

➢more than 2.3 Million workers DIE every year

➢more than 100,000 work every month
➢more than 6,000 everyday
➢4 every minute
➢1 every 15 seconds
➢Each year, 22,000 children are killed by work
accidents!
Construction Industry
➢At least 60,000 fatalities occur at
construction sites, around the world,
every year

➢1 fatal accident occurs every

10 minutes

➢Around 17% of all fatalities at work

(1 in every 6) are construction fatalities
 With a highly mobile population
of workers and different
contractors working on dangerous
construction sites at the same time,
CONSTRUCTION continues to be
a major cause of death and
disabilities.
 Factors That Contribute
to the Occurrence of Accidents in
the Construction Industry
Leading Causes of Accidents
Severity of Injury
Type of
Trade
Time of Accident
 WHY WE NEED OSH?

Family
Regulatory Agencies
Employee Health

SAFETY

Accident Costs
Production
Corporate
Image Quality
I Direct Costs
T
C

H
E

E
B

O
E Indirect Costs
Direct Cost of Accidents
➢ Medical Expenses
➢ Equipment Damage
➢ Wasted Raw Materials
➢ Insurance Premiums
➢ Litigation Expenses
Indirect Cost of Accidents
1 Injured Workers
➢Lesser productivity
due to interruption on
day of
injury
➢Loss in efficiency
➢Loss of income
Indirect Cost of Accidents
2 Other Employees
➢loss productivity due to:
▪work stoppage out of
curiosity
▪when assisting injured
worker due to inspection
➢Loss in efficiency out of
sympathy to the injured
➢Additional cost due to
completion of added work
Indirect Cost of Accidents
3. Supervisors
➢ lost productivity :
▪when assisting the injured due to
accident investigation in preparing
reports during inspection
4. Replacement worker
➢hiring or training
5. Equipment
➢downtime
Humane Aspects
➢Sorrow due to loss
➢Hardships and inconveniences
➢Physical pain/discomfort
➢Psychological problems
Mathematics of Accidents
+
ADDS to your Troubles
- SUBTRACTS from your Profits
X MULTIPLIES your Losses
/ DIVIDES worker from Manager
% DISCOUNTS your Successes
If you think TRAINING is
expensive,
try IGNORANCE;
if you think SAFETY is
costly,
try ACCIDENT!
 WHY DO
ACCIDENTS
OCCUR?
Work System
People

Environment Equipment

Materials
 ACCIDENT THEORY

Equipment

People

Environment

Materials
ACCIDENT
An occurrence or event that is:
• unexpected,
• unforeseen,
• unplanned and
• unwanted
that may or may not cause damage,
injury, fatality, loss or work
stoppage.
Types of Accident
•Struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects
•Struck by falling or flying objects,sliding or moving
parts
•Caught in, on, or between objects
•Fall on same level
•Fall on different levels
•Electrocution
•Fire
Common Reasons for Accidents
• Layman’s version:
– ‘Oras na niya’
– ‘Malas niya lang’
– ‘Tanga kasi’
– ‘Kasama sa trabaho’

NOT REAL CAUSES --- ONLY EXCUSES!

Primary Causes
of Accidents
• Unsafe Act
• Unsafe Condition
Unsafe Act
Human action that
departs from a
standard or written job
procedure or common
practice, safety rules,
regulations or
instructions
Factors Contributing
to Unsafe Acts
• Improper Attitude
• Physical Limitations
• Lack of Knowledge or Skills
Improper Attitudes
• Operating Equipment without Authority
• Disregard of SOP or instructions
• Removing Safety Devices
• Using Defective equipment
• Using PPEs improperly
• Horseplay
• Willful intent to injure
• Working while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs
Physical Limitations
• Defective eyesight
• Muscular weakness due to fatigue
• Impaired hearing
• Short in Height
• Too tall in height
• Slow reactions
Lack of Knowledge or Skill

• Failure to understand instruction

• Unaware of safe practices
• Unconvinced of safe practices
• Unskilled or unpracticed
Unsafe Condition
Physical or chemical
property of a
material, machine or
the environment which
could result in injury
to a person, damage
or destruction to
property or other
forms of losses.
Hazards
• Safety hazards
- something that has a potential for
injury
• Health hazards
- something that has a potential to
cause illness
 Safety
Direct Contact
Hazards

Health Exposure
Hazard
s
 CAN
ACCIDENTS BE
PREVENTED?
 Unsafe Act
vs.
Unsafe Condition

• 98% - preventable
• 2% - non-preventable
Systems to Control Unsafe
Acts/Unsafe Conditions

Last line of defense

SOURCE PAT RECEIVER

H

Control Measures?
Controlling Unsafe Acts
 Reward:  Provision of:
 Financial bonus  Training
 Promotion  Good Working Environment
 Extra responsibility  Welfare Facilities
 Incentive schemes

 Active Encouragement of  Explanation of Ultimate

Consequences
Involvement in:
 Decisions on Consultation  Consistent/Controlled
 Risk Assessments Discipline
 Safe Systems of Work
Control Measures
Elimination
Engineerin
Substitution
g
Administrativ Controls
e PPEs
Controls
Hierarchy of Controls (By NIOSH)
Coincidence or Not?
If
ABC D EFGHI J K L M N O PQ R S T U V W X Y Z

Equals,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Then,
K+ N +O +W+ L +E+D+G+E
11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96%

H+A+R +D+W+ O+ R +K
8+ 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98%

Both are important, but the total falls just short of 100%

But,
A+T +T + I+T + U +D+E
1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100%

Safety really is about attitude. Make 100% Safe Behavior

your
K+ N +O +W+ L +E+D+G+E
11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96%
POLICY GUIDELINES
AND SAFEGUARDS
INSTRUMENTS
POLICY GUIDELINES SAFEGUARDS
INSTRUMENTS

• ESMP
• DOLE OSH PLAN
ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
 Air Emissions and
Ambient Air
Contaminated Quality Energy
Land Conservation

ENVIRONM Wastewater and

Noise ENTAL Ambient Water
SAFETY Quality

Waste Water
Management Hazardous
Materials Conservation
Management
 What do they cover?
• Air emission (e.g. speed limit for trucks, blasting)
••  Noise and vibrations (e.g. used of soundproof surfaces
on processing equipment, or installation of sound barriers).
••  Water (e.g. water recirculation and reuse, or adoption of
ponds to allow adequate retention time)
••  Waste (e.g. procedures for reduction of waste, topsoil
removal and stockpiling near site, development of waste
management plans)
••  Land conversion (e.g. smaller extraction sites to be
reclaimed immediately, establishment of buffer zones at
edge of extraction)
COMMUNITY
HEALTH AND
SAFETY
 Water Quality
and Availability Structural Safety
Emergency of Project
Preparedness Infrastructure
and Response
COMMUNITY
HEALTH AND Life and Fire
SAFETY Safety
Disease
Prevention
Transport of
Hazardous Traffic Safety
Materials
 What do they cover?
•  Land instability (e.g. geotechnical monitoring of slopes)
•  Water (impacts on water supplies, fish, etc.)
• Explosives Safety (e.g. adoption of timetable for
blasting, community awareness and emergency
preparedness planning)
•  Decommissioning (e.g. reclamation and closure plan)
• Traffic Safety (e.g. road signs, guardrails, barricades
etc.)
• Disease Prevention (e.g. advocacy and education,
sanitation and cleanliness)
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH SAFETY
 “ The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations by…

PREVENTING PROTECTING PLACING worker in

workers from workers from tasks adapted to his
getting sick, health risks, ability.”

Occupational Health Defined (ILO / WHO)

“Conditions in the workplace that has
the potential to cause harm,
including ill health and injury,
damage to property, product and the
environment”

Occupational Hazards Defined

Factors that Determine Disease
Development

Workplace factors
+
Workers’ susceptibility
 Genetic Multiplicity of
Lifestyle exposure
factors
D
Age u
r
Workers’ WORK- a
Susceptibility Factorst Physical
RELATE properties
i
Race D o
DISEASE n
Magnitude of
Gender exposure
o
Medical Timing of f
history e
exposure x
p
o
What are the hazards?

Chemicals Physical

Biological Ergonomics
Materials Used in Construction
‡ Gypsum wallboards and wood
‡ Flexboards / ceiling boards
containing asbestos
‡ Floorboards, textile carpets
‡ Bricks, concrete, cement and stone
‡ Glue, linoleum plastics and rubber
‡ Insulation materials like glass wool
‡ Paints, thinners and primers
‡ Steel, aluminum and copper
Primary Hazards Encountered in
Skilled Construction Trades
Occupations Hazards
‡ Hard tile setters ● Vapors from bonding
agents, awkward
postures
‡Carpenters ● Wood dust
● Vapors from bonding
‡ Soft tile setters agents
 Primary Hazards Encountered in
Skilled Construction Trades
Occupations Hazards
‡Electrical power ● Heavy metals in solder
installers and fumes, asbestos dust
repairers
‡Painters ● Solvent vapors, toxic
metals in pigments and
paint additives

‡ Plumbers ● Lead and welding

fumes
 Primary Hazards
Encountered in Skilled
Construction Trades
‡ Roofers ● Heat, Vapors from
roofing tar

‡ Welders ● Welding
emissions
 Primary Hazards Encountered in
Skilled Construction Trades
Occupations Hazards
‡ Air hammer ● Noise, whole-body
operators vibration, silica dust
‡Excavating and ● Silica dust, whole-
loading machine body
operators vibration, heat ,
noise
 Primary Hazards Encountered in
Skilled Construction Trades
Occupations Hazards
● Grader, dozer and scraper ● Silica dust, whole-body
operators vibration, heat, noise
● Highway and street ● Asphalt emissions,
construction workers heat,
● Truck and tractor diesel engine exhaust
equipment operators
● Whole-body vibration,
diesel engine exhaust
 Hazards and
Workers’ Health

9
What are the hazards?

Chemicals Physical

Biological Ergonomics
Physical Agents
noise, vibration, radiation,
defective illumination,
temperature extremes
Biological Agent
viruses, bacteria, fungi,
parasites, insects, etc.
Chemical Agents
dusts, gases, vapors,
fumes, mists, etc.
Ergonomic risks, psychosocial and
organizational factors
exhaustive physical exertions,
excessive standing, improper
motions, lifting heavy load, job
monotony, etc.
Health Hazards
What are the hazards?

Physical
noise, vibration,
radiation, defective
illumination,
temperature
extremes
1. NOISE
Health Effects Preventive Measures
• Noise-induced Hearing • Periodic hearing tests
Lost
• Decrease work
efficiency

28
 2. HEAT
Health Effects
• Heat cramps due to • Heat stroke due to
excessive perspiration exposure to
• Abdominal pain, leg environment with high
muscle cramps
temperature/humidity
• Heat stroke leads to
increase in body
temperature and is
potentially fatal

32
2. HEAT
Preventive Measures
• Frequent drinking of
fluids
• Proper rest should be
taken during work hours
• Light clothing
• Local exhaust
ventilation system
should be used to
remove hot air around
objects generating heat
1/27/2016
3. VIBRATION
Health Effects
• Hand-arm vibrations primarily
affect the fingers and hands
•Whole body vibrations:
• Contract of peripheral vascular
areas
• Increase of blood pressure and
pulse
Preventive Measures
• Light stretching before and after
work
• Wear appropriate PPE
1/27/2016
1/27/2016
What are the hazards?

Chemicals
dusts, gases,
vapors,
fumes, mists,
etc.
 Organic Solvents
• Absorbed into the human body
through the mouth, nose, or skin
• Once absorbed by human body,
acute or chronic disorder may occur

51
Organic Solvents
• Acute and chronic disorders may occur
in such areas as blood, the central
nervous system, liver, kidneys, eyes, etc.
• Effects on the human body:
• Acute general poisoning throughout
the entire body
• Nervous system impairment or visual
function impairment
• Asphyxia or anesthetic action
• Liver or kidney disorders
• Reproductive function impairmennt
51
Prevention of Organic Solvent Poisoning
• Forbidden in the work area
- Eating
- Drinking
- Use of fire of smoking
• Wear PPE
• Application of local exhaust
ventilation system and general
ventilation system
Dusts
• Health Effects due to dust inhalation
- generate pulmonary fibrosis
- abnormal conditions in the other organs
of the human body

59
1/27/2016
 Lung Cancer Cement Burns Scarring of lung from
silica or asbestos
• Prolonged and chronic
exposure to asbestos
fibers or silica dust
increases the risk of
developing lung
cancer
• Tobacco smoke SILICOSIS
exacerbates the risk

ASBESTOSIS
Prevention
• Dust suppression techniques
should be implemented, such as
applying water or non-toxic
chemicals to minimize dust from
vehicle movements
• PPE, such as dusk masks, should be
used where dust levels are
excessive
Lead
Health Effects
• Occupational Sources Symptoms:
- Welders
Fatigue
- Radiator repairmen
- Solderers
Difficulty in concentration
- Shipyard workers Headache
- Garage workers
- Pipe fitters Diseases:
Hypertension
• Exposure Anemia
- inhalation Renal dysfunction
- ingestion

66
Preventive Measures

• Memorize before working the

precautions for handling
• Wear PPEs and keep it clean
What are the hazards?

Ergonomics
exhaustive physical exertions,
excessive standing,
improper
motions, lifting heavy load,
job monotony, etc.
Ergonomics Defined (OSHA)

“The science of fitting jobs to the people

who work in them”

Goal:
Reduce musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) in workers when major part of
the jobs involve…

78
Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Parts of the body • Backaches occur when
where musculoskeletal overexerting
diseases occur: • Loss of sensation
- Hand, arm • Soreness
- Neck, shoulders • Stiffness
- Back, joints of leg • Pain
- Ligaments • Cramps
• Occurs mostly when it is
unsuitable for physical stature of
worker and work capability
Prevention of Musculoskeletal
Disorders
• Regulate the high – low level
of the work bench
• Tools and other parts should
be placed within reach of
worker’s arm
• Take a short breaks frequently
• Do not keep the same posture for
over 30 minutes
• Light stretching before and after
work
1/27/2016
1/27/2016
What are the hazards?

Biological
viruses, bacteria,
fungi, parasites,
insects, etc.
 Tuberculosis
• Chronic bacterial infection
• Caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (tubercle bacilli)
• Damages the lungs and other
body parts
• Fatal if not treated properly
Signs and Symptoms
• Cough that lasts more than 2 weeks
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Feeling weak and tired
• Losing weight without trying
• Decreased or no appetite
• Chest pains
• Coughing up blood
99
Spreading the infection

M. tuberculosis
can exist in
the air for up to
six hours,
during which
time another
person may
inhale it.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS (HIV) Body fluid known to
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
transmit HIV
SYNDROME (AIDS) • Blood
• Semen
• Vaginal fluids
What’s the difference between
• Breast milk
HIV and AIDS?
• HIV is the virus which causes AIDS.
• AIDS is a serious and usually fatal condition in
which the body’s immune system is severely
weakened and cannot fight off infection.
HIV can enter the bloodstream
How is HIV not
• During unprotected sex
transmitted?
• Through transfusions
of contaminated blood
or blood products
• Puncturing of the skin
by needle or sharps
infected with HIV
• From an HIV
positive mother to
her baby

106
107
Prevention of HIV Infection

REMEMBER!

• Abstinence
• Be Faithful
• Consistent and Correct Condom use
• Do not inject Drugs/no sharing of
needles
• Education
108
 TETANUS
• Neurological disorder
resulting increased in • Clinical Manifestations
muscle tone and – Lockjaw
spasms – Sustained contraction of
• Tetanospasmin, a
protein toxin the facial muscles and
elaborated by the back muscles
organism Clostridium • Prevention
tetani – Active immunization with
• Contamination of tetanus toxoid
wounds with
Clostridium spores – Careful wound
management

110
DENGUE/MALARIA

110
DENGUE/MALARIA
Prevention Vector-Borne Diseases
• Prevention of mosquito
propagation through sanitary
improvements
• Elimination of unusable
impounded water
• Increase in water velocity in
natural and artificial channels
• Promoting use of repellents,
clothing, netting, and other
barriers to prevent insect bites
Health Promotion
• Smoking cessation
• Drinking
• Exercise
• Proper Diet

113
Smoking at work: the problems
• Cancer
• Heart diseases
• Lung diseases and asthma
• Osteoporosis
• Fires and explosions
• Accidents
• Tensions between
smokers and non-
smokers
The Impact of Alcohol on Health
Alcohol may cause or make worse:
• Liver damage
• Stomache ailments
• Heart disease
• Diseases of the
central nervous system
• Certain forms of cancer
• Irreversible brain damage
115
 Prevention of Lifestyle-Related Diseases
(Hypertension, Heart Disease, Diabetes, etc.)
• Information and education
– Proper diet
• Low sugar, low fat, low salt diet
– Regular physical activity can greatly
reduce the risk of getting
hypertension, heart disease and
diabetes
• Early diagnosis and prompt clinical
management
CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY
 GENERAL
PROVISIONS
➢ Protection to every workingman against
the dangers of injury, sickness or death
through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the
conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or
damage to lives and properties.

Rule 1001, OSHS

 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
SITE
REQUIREMENTS
➢ Accident prevention is a legal requirement
➢ Complete understanding between the owner and
the contractor
➢ Practical experience in running construction
jobs
➢ Accident prevention as part of advance
planning
➢ Protection of workers and the public
➢ Applicable government standard regulations
 CONSTRUCTION
HAZARDS
➢ Open Excavation
➢ Falling Objects
➢ Welding Operations
➢ Dust Dirt
➢ Temporary Wirings
➢ Temporary Overhead Electrical
Lines
 CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY SIGNAGES
 D.O. 13 - Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
Construction Safety Signage must be provided to
warn the workers and the public of hazards
existing in the workplace.

Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at

strategic locations and, as far as practicable, be in
the language understandable to most of the
workers employed.
 CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY
SIGNAGE
Any, but not limited to, emergency or danger
sign, warning sign or safety instruction, of
standard colors and sizes in accordance with the
specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building
premises as described in Table II of the OSH
Standards.

(Section 9, D.O. 13 )
 CONSTRUCTION SITE
REQUIREMENT
➢ Construction premises shall
have adequate fire,
emergency or danger sign
and safety instructions of
standard colors and sizes
visible at all times
 WARNING/SAFETY
SIGN
➢ A visual alerting device in the form of a label,
placard or other marking which advises the
observer of the nature and degree of potential
hazards which can cause injury or death
 WARNING SIGNS
➢Safety Signs and Labels : ANSI Z535.4
➢Safety Color Codes : ANSI Z535.1
➢Safety Symbols : ANSI Z535.3
➢Safety Tags and 
: ANSI Z535.3
Barricade Tapes (for Temporary
Hazards)

(ANSI – American National Standard Institute)

 WARNING SIGNS
Should alert persons to the
following:
➢ Specific hazards
➢ Degree or level of seriousness
➢ Probable consequence of
involvement with the hazards
➢ How hazards can be avoided
 WARNING SIGNS
LOCATION
➢ Safety signs shall be placed such that they will:
✓ Be readily visible to the intended viewer
✓ Alert the viewer to the potential hazard in
time to take appropriate action

PROTECTION
➢ Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual
obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra-violet light, or
substance such as lubricants, chemical and dirt.
 PANEL

Area of safety sign having distinctive background color

different from adjacent areas of the sign, which is clearly
delineated by a line, border or margin
 THREE (3) PANELS PER
SIGN
➢ Signal
Word

➢ Message

➢ Symbol
 PANEL SIGNS
SIGNAL WORD PANEL
➢Area of safety sign that contains the signal
word and the safety alert symbol
MESSAGE PANEL
➢Area of the safety sign that contains the word
messages which identify the hazard, indicate how to
avoid the hazard and advise of the probable
consequence of not avoiding the hazard
SYMBOL/PICTORIAL PANEL
➢ Area of the safety sign that contains the
symbol/pictorial
 SAFETY COLOR
CODE
➢ Will supplement the proper guarding or
warning of hazardous conditions.

➢ Not a substitute for engineering or

administrative controls, including training,
to eliminate identifiable hazards.
 SAFETY RED
Fire Protection.
➢To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus
and facilities
✓ Fire stations and equipment (fire extinguishers,
pumps, buckets, hose, hydrant)
✓ Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler
piping)
✓ Fire protection materials (doors, blankets)
✓ To identify Dangers, Stop signals (red lights
placed on barricades at temporary obstructions
or on temporary construction; stop button for
electrical switches used for emergency stopping of
machinery
➢ In 1914, green, circular SAFETY signs
“indicated the nature of the safety in as
brief a form as possible.

➢ Location of first aid equipment;

location of safety devices; safety
bulletin boards
 SAFETY WHITE
Traffic. White, black, or a combination of these
are the basic colors for the designation of traffic
and housekeeping marking. Solid white, solid
black, single color stripping or alternate stripes
of black and white.
➢ Housekeeping – location of refuse cans; white
corners for rooms and passageways, drinking
fountains and food dispensing equipment
location
➢ Traffic – location and width of aisle ways; dead
ends of aisles and passageways; stairways
and directional signs
 SAFETY YELLOW
Caution. To designate caution and for marking
physical hazards, such as striking against,
stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in
between. Solid yellow, yellow and black stripes,
yellow and black checkers or yellow with suitable
contrasting background
➢Construction equipment, such as
bulldozers, tractors; handrails, guardrail or
top and bottom of treds of stairways where
caution is needed; lower pulley blocks and
cranes;piping systems containing dangerous
materials.
OLD NEW
 SAFETY ORANGE
Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines
and energized equipment which may cut, crush,
shock or otherwise injure, and to emphasize such
hazards when enclosure doors are open or when
gear, belt, or other guards around moving equipment
are open or removed, exposing unguarded hazards.
✓ To designate the sign “Do not open or remove”
(the inside of movable guards; safety starting
buttons and boxes; exposed parts of gears,
pulleys, rollers, cutting device; inside of the box
door or cover of open fuse, power and electrical
switches boxes)
 SAFETY BLUE
Precaution. To designate Notice/caution,
limited to warning against starting use of, or
the movement of equipment which is under
repair or being worked upon.

the ANSI Z535.2 standard clarified that NOTICE signs

are used to indicate non-personal injury-related
messages and for security signs.

➢ “Men at Work”
OLD NEW
 SAFETY PURPLE

Radiation. To designate radiation hazards. Yellow is

used in combination with purple for markers, such as
tags, labels, signs and floor markers
 Where Signages are Needed

➢ Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project site

➢ Potential risks of falling object
➢ Potential risks of falling
➢ Explosives and flammable substances are used
or stored
➢ Tripping or slipping hazards
 Where Signages are Needed
➢ Danger from toxic or irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist
➢ Contact with or proximity to
electrical/facility
equipment
➢ Contact with dangerous moving parts of
machineries and equipment
➢ Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment
➢ Instructions on the usage of specific
construction equipment
➢ Periodic updating of man-hours lost
WORKER’S WELFARE
FACILITIES
 Worker’s Welfare
Facilities
➢ Source and supply of potable drinking water
➢ Facilities for supplying food and eating meals
➢ Sanitary, bathing and washing facilities
➢ Living accommodation (Adequate
space,ventilation,lighting and facilities for locker rooms,
storing and changing of clothes for workers)
➢ Separate sanitary, bathing, washing and sleeping facilities
for men and women
CONSTRUCTION SITE
HOUSEKEEPING
 HOUSEKEEPING CLEAR
POINTS
1. A place for everything and everything is in place. It
is everybody’s business to observe

2. Important because it lessens accidents and related

injuries and illnesses; it therefore improves
productivity, and minimizes direct and indirect costs
of accidents/illnesses.

3. The 5S is a very practical, simple and proven

approach to improving housekeeping in the
workplace.
 WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF
DISORDER
1. Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
2. Untidy piling of materials]
3. Piled-on material damaging other material
4. Items no longer needed
5. Blocked aisle ways
6. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way
places
7. Materials gathering rust and dirt from disuse
 WHAT ARE THE SIGNS
OF
DISORDER
8. Excessive quantities of items
9. Overcrowded bins and containers
10. Overflow storage areas and shelves
11. Broken containers and damaged
materials
Deteriorating housekeeping
may be the first evidence
of a deteriorating safety
and health program.
SLIP, TRIP AND FALL
CUT, LACERATION AND PUNCTURE WOUNDS
 RULE 1060 OSHS
Premises of Establishments

➢ Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times

thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines and
equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly
processes, operations, storage and filing of materials.
THE 5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
Japanese English Pilipino

Seiri Sort / Cleaning up Suriin

Seiton Systematic / Organize Sinupin

Seiso Sweep / Sanitize / Clean Simutin

Seiketsu Standardize Siguruhin ang kalinisin

Shitsuke Self-Discipline / Training Sariling kusa

 WHY 5S?
➢ Safety
➢ Quality Improvement
➢ Efficiency
➢ Productivity Improvement
➢ Workers feel good in their second home
➢ Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
➢ Work Improvement
➢ Company Image – cleanliness/orderliness/
beautification
 SEIRI (SORT)
“Take out unnecessary items and
dispose”

Step 1➢Look around your

workplace and dispose
all unnecessary items.
Step 2
➢Set aside items with
Disposal Notice
decide if they are
necessary or not.
 SEITON (SYSTEMATIC/ORGANIZE)
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 1
➢ Eliminate unnecessary
items from your workplace
➢ Think of what things should
remain in the workplace, taking
into account the flow of work,
from the point of view of safe
and efficient operation
Step 2
➢ Decide with your colleagues where to put things. The
principle is to put most frequently needed items close to
the user.
 SEITON (SYSTEMATIC/ORGANIZE)
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 3
➢ Make a list of things with their
location and put it on
locker/cabinets and inform
everyone in the workplace.
Step 4
➢Indicate the places where fire
extinguishers are located, passages
of forklifts/carts, and wherever
necessary, warnings signs for safety
precautions, etc.
 SEISO
(SWEEP/SANITIZE/CLEAN)
“Clean your workplace”
The following are suggested for
Seiso (Sweep) operation:
➢ Do not wait until things get dirty.
Clean your workplace, including
machines and equipment tools
and furnitures, regularly so that
they do not have a chance to get
dirty.
➢ Put aside 3 minutes everyday for
Seiso (Sweep)
 SEIKETSU
(STANDARDIZE)
“Maintain high standard of housekeeping”
➢Maintain a workplace that is
free from germs and stains.
Make a schedule for thorough
cleaning of your workplace.

➢Seiketsu is significant for

works with food products,
pharmaceutical products,
electronic components, etc.
 SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE)
“Do things spontaneously w/o being told or ordered”

➢ Make every one

practice 4S’s
spontaneously and
willingly as a habit or
a way of life.

➢ Practice 4S’s
regularly until such
time when everyone
becomes fond of
5S.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 WHAT IS DANGERS
ELECTRICAL FROM
HAZARD? ELECTRICIT
➢ Electrical source of Y
danger ➢ Shock

➢ Potential risk for an ➢ Burn

electrical accident
➢ Fire
 PHYSICAL
BEHAVIORAL
HAZARD
HAZARD
➢ Wet floors
➢ Indifference
➢ Bare or frayed wires
➢ Overloaded circuits ➢ Lack of
knowledge
➢ An electrical cord under a
rug or trap. ➢ Working while
➢ Energized equipment with stressed
exposed circuits
➢ Taking shortcuts
or risk
EFFECT TO THE HUMAN
BODY
➢ Disturbance to normal body function
➢ Burns on body tissue
➢ Secondary accident
➢ Involuntary grip
➢ Ventricular fibrillation
➢ Death
 REMINDERS

➢ Strictly follow established standards

➢ Install temporary or permanent electrical
installations properly
➢ Place warning signs
➢ Use protective devices
➢ Replace protective device with the same kind
and rating
 REMINDERS

➢ Observe proper maintenance schedules

➢ Conduct regular inspections

➢ Only qualified personnel are allowed

➢ Use appropriate electrical test instruments

➢ Always assume that the circuit is energized

FIRE PROTECTION
AND CONTROL
 WHAT IS FIRE?
• Fire is a chemical reaction between a TRIANGLE OF FIRE
flammable or
• combustible substance and oxygen.

• It is frequently referred to as “rapid

oxidation with the evolution of
light and heat.”
HEAT
• To produce fire, three things must
be present: FUEL, OXYGEN, AND
HEAT
 EXTINGUISHIN
CLASSES OF FUEL G MEDIUM
Class A - Water is the
Class A Class B Class C Class D Best Extinguishant
Class B - Metal cover,
wood, paper, gasoline, Overloaded Magnesium wet sack, towel cloth or
dried grass, kerosene, electrical sodium, blanket, sand and soil
etc. paints, wires and potassium, Class C - Main switch is
thinners, oil, equipment. etc. the first consideration.
etc. Fire spread Then what is useful for
A & B can be used here.
with the
presence of
class A & B
materials
 PRINCIPLES OF FIRE
PREVENTION EXTINGUISHME
AND CONTROL NTS OF FIRE
➢ Removal of Fuel
➢ Prevent the Outbreak of Fire
➢ Provide for Early Detection ➢ Limiting Oxygen
➢ Prevent the Spread of Fire ➢ Cooling the Heat
➢ Provide for Prompt
Extinguishment
➢ Provide for Prompt and
Orderly Evacuation
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

•Permanent Portable
➢ Firehydrant ➢Fire Extinguishers
and hose Pull
➢ Sprinkler
System Aim
➢ Automatic PASS - Word Squeeze
extinguishing
system Sweep
EXCAVATION
 Excavation

■ is any man-made cut, cavity or

depression in an earth surface
that is formed by earth removal.
 Trench
■ is a narrow excavation where the
depth is greater than its width, and
the width measured at the bottom
is not greater than 15 ft.
 Hazards of Excavation Works

■ Soil Collapse
■ Falls
■ Vehicular Traffic
■ Underground Utilities
■ Working Surface
■ Confined Space
Conditions
Principal Causes of Soil Collapse
■ Steep cutting angle
■ Super imposed load
■ Shock & Vibration
■ Water Pressure
■ Drying
 Prevention of Soil Collapse
■ Provision of shoring and timbering
Sheet Piles
Plate Lining System Box Type
Shielding
 Prevention of Soil
Collapse
Per Rule 1413 of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards (OSHS):

The walls of every excavation over 1

meter deep shall be supported by
adequate shoring…
Falls
 Falls
■ Minimum Berm
- not less than one third of the depth of

the excavation
- may be reduced to not less than 1 meter

provided that materials are stable,

shoring and barriers are present
(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS)
 Falls
■ Barricades of at least 1
meter high should be
provided.

■ Signs should be posted

to prevent the public
from going near the
excavation.
 Surface Crossing of Trenches
■ Walkways or bridges
must be provided
■ Minimum clear width
of 20 in.
■ With standard rails
■ Extended a minimum
of 24 in. past the
surface edge
 Vehicular Traffic

■ Provide workers with

warning vests or other
suitable garments marked
with reflectorized materials
■ Designate a trained
flagperson along with
signs and barricades
when necessary
■ Use horn or give signals to
ensure safety.
 Underground Utilities

■ Determine location of
underground facilities and
take necessary steps to
prevent damage to these
facilities.
■ In an open excavation,
support, protect or
remove underground
installation.
 Working Surface

■ Excavation shall be
kept free of water at all
times
■ And in muddy area,
workers should be
provided with boots to
reduce the hazard of
slipping.
 Working in Excavation
■ Prior to opening
✓ Check excavation permit
✓ Identify all underground installations
✓ Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other
surface encumbrances and hazards before
starting excavation
 Working in Excavation
■ During operations
➢ Give special attention to side slopes that

are adversely affected by weather,

moisture content or vibration
➢ Safe working distance between workers

➢ Maintain guardrails, fences, or other

barricades and warning lights

➢ Wear appropriate PPE
 Working in Excavation
■ During break time, workmen should never
stand or take rest on high banks of soft
material
■ Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in
walkways, ramps, or near the edge of
excavations
■ Do not use guardrails as resting place
CONSTRUCTION HEAVY
EQUIPMENT
 CONCERNED PERSONNEL
• Equipment Operator
• Workers on foot
• Spotters
• Management people and
supervisors
• Other construction site
personnel.
 BLIND SPOTS
• Small heavy mobile equipment have small
blind spots and heavy mobile equipment
have large blind spots, both can cause
serious injury or death
• The taller and wider the machine, the
bigger the
blind spot area
• Operators, spotters and workers on foot
need to
be aware were the blind spots are 28
BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK

29
BLIND SPOTS - BULLDOZER

30
BLIND SPOTS – LIFTER

31
BLIND SPOTS-GRADER

32
BLIND SPOTS - BACKHOE

33
BLIND SPOTS – SKID STEER
LOADER

34
BLIND SPOTS – SCISSOR LIFT

35
BLIND SPOTS-LOADER

36
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF
WORKERS ON FOOT

• Wearing of high visibility vests or equivalent and

other appropriate PPE’s.
• Keep a safe distance from heavy equipments
• Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never
assume that the equipment operator sees you
• Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any
equipment.
• Watch out for swinging parts.

37
D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT

• Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the
project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test
prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization/s”
• Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed
to
operate their designated heavy equipment”
54
HAND AND PORTABLE
POWER TOOLS
 HAND TOOLS
Hand tools – are non-powered tools used to
perform mechanical works
 HAZARDS IN THE
USE
OF HAND TOOLS
✓ Defects in tools
✓ Sharp, pointed,
and abrasive parts
✓ Falling tools
✓ Improper storage
✓ Sparks
 CAUTION . ..

• Use of Hand and Portable Power Tools can result in

• INJURIES caused by…

✓ Repeated overtime use of vibrating tool/equipment.

✓ Tools/tasks which require twisting hand or joint movement.
✓ Applying force in an awkward position.
✓ Applying excessive pressure on parts of the hands, back,
• wrists or joints.
✓ Working with the arms over-stretched or overhead.
✓ Working with a bent back.
 HAND TOOL SAFETY
✓ Inspect all hand tools properly before using.
✓ Use the right SIZE and TYPE of tool for the job.
✓ Keep cutting tools sharp and in good condition.
✓ Don’t work with oily or greasy hand.
✓ Always carry sharp or pointed tools with the point down.
✓ Never carry tools in your pocket.
✓ After using a tool, clean it and return it to its proper place.
✓ Never place tools & materials where they hang on the edge.
✓ Cut away from yourself when using sharp tools.
✓ Wear appropriate PPE.
✓ Keep floor surface free of debris and tripping hazards
TOOL
STORAGE/MANAGEMEN
T
PROTECTIVE
PERSONAL
EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment
Defined:
➢Variety of devices and garments
designed to serve as barrier
between workers and workplace
hazards.
Guidelines in Selecting PPE:
1) Identify the hazard.
2) Understand the effect.
3) Recommend the proper equipment.
4) Train on proper usage and maintenance.
➢Head protection ➢Eye and face
protection
➢Hearing protection
➢Respiratory
➢Hand and arm protection
protection
➢Foot protection
➢Torso protection
➢Fall protection
 Head Protection
Hard Hat or Safety
Helmet:

A rigid device that is worn

to provide protection for
the head and which is held
in place by a suspension.
Characteristics of a Hard Hat:

1) Must be able to absorb the shock of the blow from

falling objects and be able to resist the penetration
of sharp objects
2) Vary as to resistant capability
3) Ability for its low water absorption and slow
flammability rate of the shell
13
 Hard Hats ANSI Requirement:

➢Manufacturers follow ANSI Z89.1 -

1997 standards

ANSI stands for American National

Standards Institute
Eye and Face Protection

Protective and eye

equipment shall be required
where there is a probability
of injury that can be
prevented by the use of such
equipment.

20
ANSI Z87.1 – 1989 Standards:

Safety spectacles or glasses

- shield the wearer’s eyes from flying and striking
objects, glare and injurious radiation hazards

Eye goggles
- fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes

Face shield
- shield the wearer’s ,face or portion thereof from
striking objects or chemical heat and glare
hazards
Eye and Face Protection
Safety spectacles or glasses

Eye goggles
 Eye and Face
Protection
Face shield
 Hearing Protection

A hearing protection device is

anything that can be worn to reduce
the level of sound entering the ear.
•When Should You Wear a Hearing Protection
Device?
•You should wear a hearing protection
device whenever you are exposed to noise
that is 90 decibels or greater for an 8-hour
period of time
 PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
Duration per Day, Hours Sound Level, dB Slow
Response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1-1/2 102
1 105
1/2 110
¼ or less 115
 APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL
Decibel (dB) Examples
0 The quietest sound you hear
30 Whisper, quiet library
60 Normal conversation, sewing machine, typewriter
70 – 80 Television, city street noise, police whistle
90 Lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic, electric motor,
car horn @ 5m distance (8 hours per day is the
maximum exposure)
100 – 110 Chainsaw, Pneumatic drill, close to a moving
train, spray painting
115 Sandblasting, loud rock concert, auto horn @ close
distance
140 Gun muzzle blast, jet engine (cause pain)
ARM’S LENGTH RULE:
“If two people (with no hearing impairment)
have to raise their voices or shout to be
heard in a distance of less than an arm’s
length from each other, the sound level is
potentially hazardous.”
Noise Reduction Rating
(NRR):
➢Earplugs (10dB)

➢Earmuffs
(25dB)
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory Hazards:
➢ Acids / Mists
➢ Solvents / Vapors
➢ Gases / Smoke
➢ Dusts/ Particulates
➢ Heavy Metals / Fumes
➢ Filtration respirator (Mask)
➢ Chemical respirator (Respirators,
Cartridge Type)
➢ Air-supplying respirator (SCBA)
Hand and Arm Protection

Hand and Arm Hazards:

➢ Temperature extremes
➢ Chemical exposures and splashes
➢ Sharp objects
➢ Fire
➢ Abrasive materials
➢ Live electrical conductors
Common Hand and Arm
Injury:
➢ Burns
➢ Bruises
➢ Abrasions
➢ Cuts
➢ Punctures
➢ Fractures
➢ Amputations
➢ Electrocution
Hand and Arm Protection
Different Kind of Gloves:
Kind of Gloves Protection
1) Metal-meshed Resist sharp edges and prevent
gloves cuts
2) Leather gloves Shield hands from rough surface
and prevent cuts
3) Vinyl and Protect hands against toxic
neoprene gloves chemicals
4) Rubber gloves Protect the worker when working
around electricity
Hand and Arm Protection
Different Kind of Gloves (Continuation):
Kind of Gloves Protection
5) Welder’s gloves Protect hands from heat and flames
6) Latex disposable Protect hands from germs and
gloves bacteria
7) Cotton gloves Help grasp slippery objects
and protect against slivers,
dirt, moderate heat or cold
8) Lead-lined gloves Protect hands from radiation
sources
Hand and Arm Protection

42
Foot and Leg Protection
Foot and Leg Hazards:
➢Falling or rolling objects
➢Sharp objects
➢Live electrical conductors
➢Hot surfaces
➢Wet, slippery surfaces
Common Foot and Leg Injuries:
➢Fractures
➢Punctures
➢Burns
➢Cuts
➢Amputations
➢Electrocution
➢ Foot guards / Metatarsal
foot guards
➢ Safety shoes/boots
Resistance of Employees to PPE:
➢Discomfort
➢Inaccurate risk perception
➢Lack of education and training
Limitations of PPE:
1) The hazard still exists.
2) A defective PPE offers no protection.
3) The PPE may introduce additional hazards.
4) Most PPE are not for continuous use.
5) Improper training may not provide maximum
protection.
6) It may transfer hazard to another location.
 Rule 1080 Personal Protective
Equipment and Devices
1081 GENERAL PROVISIONS:
1081.01 EVERY EMPLOYER:
1. Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with
protective equipment for the eyes, face, hands and
feet, protective shields and barriers whenever
necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the
process or environment, chemical or radiological or
other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of
causing injury or impairment in the function of any
part of the body through absorption, inhalation or
physical contact.
 Rule 1080 Personal Protective
Equipment and Devices
1081.02
All protective equipment shall be of approved design and
construction appropriate for the exposure and the work to
be performed.
1081.03
The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and
proper maintenance of personal protective equipment
used in his workplace.
1081.04
No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous
environmental condition without protection
 Summary
➢Assess the workplace for hazards.
➢Use engineering and work practices controls to
eliminate or reduce hazards before using PPE.
➢Select appropriate and approved PPE to protect
employees from hazards that cannot be eliminated.
➢Inform employees why PPE is necessary, how and
when
it must be worn.
➢Train employees how to use and care for their PPE,
including employee
➢Require how to recognize
to wear deterioration
selected PPE. and failure.
TOOL BOX
MEETING
a 10-15 minute on-the-
job meetings held to
keep employees alert
to work- related
accidents and
illnesses.
Benefits of TBM

• Can be used to address actual problems on

the job or in the plant.
• Good opportunity for supervisors to
know the physical and mental
conditions of workers.
• Good opportunity for management to
communicate their commitment to
safety.
Benefits of TBM
• Reminders to prevent recurrence of
previous accidents.
• Contributes to the training
and education of workers.
• Proven technique in
encouraging safe work
habits.
• An opportunity to share
their concerns.
Planning before executing a job
ensures good results.
Presided by …

Supervisor
Foreman
Lead man

Guests may include Plant

Manager, Project Manager or
Safety Officer who may briefly
talk or just observe.
How To Conduct TBM

1. Gather/prepare workers

 Start with light notes.

 May air light personal
matters.
 Encourage a good working
shift/day/week ahead of
your group.
How To Conduct TBM
2. Define the job

 Present the task assigned to

the group.
 Define the task and target set
by higher-ups.
 Check on the physical and
mental preparedness of the
workers.
How To Conduct TBM

3. Review
procedure/responsibility

 Review procedures to be
applied, tools/equipment
needed and materials to
be used.
How To Conduct TBM

4. State precautions
 Remind of the
hazards that may
be encountered.
 Remind workers’ of
the condition of
their PPE and tools.
How To Conduct TBM

5. Specify safety
issues

 Remind on other
related safety checks
in preparation for
their assigned tasks.
 REDUCE IMPROVE
•Injuries & Damage •Safety

• Rejects & Reworks •Quality

• Defects & Delay •Production

• Mistakes & Waste •Cost Control

•Human Relations
• Human Misery
 Summary
•Reminders on what and how to do.
•Held before the start of the day’s work
shift or the start of new activity
•Performed by the supervisor, lead man or
safety officer.
•Highlight precautions.
•Workers should participate actively.
“The More We Talk About Safety…
The Less We Talk About Accidents”
56
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!