17-1 Scheduling

Chapter 17

Scheduling

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-2 Scheduling

Scheduling

• Scheduling: Establishing the timing of

the use of equipment, facilities and
human activities in an organization

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-3 Scheduling

Scheduling Manufacturing Operations

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

High-volume
Build A
Intermediate- A Done
volume Build B

Low-volume B Done

Build C
Service
operations C Done
On time!
Build D

Ship

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-4 Scheduling

High-Volume Systems

• Flow system: High-volume system with

Standardized equipment and activities
• Flow-shop scheduling: Scheduling for high-
volume flow system

Work Center #1 Work Center #2 Output

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-5 Scheduling

High-Volume Success Factors

• Process and product design

• Preventive maintenance
• Rapid repair when breakdown occurs
• Optimal product mixes
• Minimization of quality problems
• Reliability and timing of supplies

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-6 Scheduling

Intermediate-Volume Systems

• Outputs are between standardized high-

volume systems and made-to-order job
shops
• Economic run size:

2DS p
Q0 
H p u

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-7 Scheduling

Scheduling Low-Volume Systems

• Loading - assignment of jobs to

process centers
• Sequencing - determining the order
in which jobs will be processed

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-8 Scheduling

Gantt Load Chart

Figure 17-2

• Gantt chart - used as a visual aid for

loading and scheduling
Work Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
Center
1 Job 3 Job 4
2 Job 3 Job 7
3 Job 1 Job 6 Job 7
4 Job 10

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-9 Scheduling

Loading

• Infinite loading
• Finite loading
• Vertical loading
• Horizontal loading
• Forward scheduling
• Backward scheduling
• Schedule chart

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-10 Scheduling

Sequencing

• Sequencing: Determine the order in

which jobs at a work center will be
processed.

• Workstation: An area where one person

works, usually with special equipment,
on a specialized job.

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-11 Scheduling

Sequencing

• Priority rules: Simple heuristics

used to select the order in
which jobs will be processed.
Everything is
#1 Priority

• Job time: Time needed for

setup and processing of a job.

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-12 Scheduling

Priority Rules
Table 17-2

• FCFS - first come, first served

• SPT - shortest processing time
• DD - due date
• CR - critical ratio
• S/O - slack per operation
• Rush - emergency
Top Priority

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-13 Scheduling

Example 2
Table 17-4

Average
Average Average Number of
Flow Time Tardiness Jobs at the
Rule (days) (days) Work Center

FCFS 20.00 9.00 2.93

SPT 18.00 6.67 2.63
DD 18.33 6.33 2.68
CR 26.67 14.17 3.90

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-14 Scheduling

Two Work Center Sequencing

• Johnson’s Rule: technique for minimizing

completion time for a group of jobs to be
processed on two machines or at two work
centers.
• Minimizes total idle time
• Several conditions must be satisfied

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-15 Scheduling

Johnson’s Rule Conditions

• Job time must be known and constant
• Job times must be independent of sequence
• Jobs must follow same two-step sequence
• Job priorities cannot be used
• All units must be completed at the first
work center before moving to second

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-16 Scheduling

Scheduling Service Operations

• Appointment systems
– Controls customer arrivals for service
• Reservation systems
– Estimates demand for service
• Scheduling the workforce
– Manages capacity for service
• Scheduling multiple resources
– Coordinates use of more than one
resource

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17-17 Scheduling

Service Operation Problems

• Cannot store or inventory services
• Customer service requests are random
• Scheduling service involves
– Customers
– Workforce
– Equipment

Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.