Industrial Revolution

History of Design & Fashion

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 Industrial
Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and
transportation had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural
conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North
America and eventually the world, a process that continues as
industrialization.

 The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human
social history, comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first
city-states; almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually
influenced in some way.

 The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change which was

common in the 1830s.

 Credit for popularizing the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose
lectures given in 1881 gave a detailed account of the process.

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 The industrial revolution in Europe began in England in the 18th century. the invention of the
steam engine by James Watt for production initiated he Industrial Revolution. England had an
abundance of natural resources such as coal and iron. The revolution spread throughout Europe.
The industrial revolution allowed for products to be produced to meet the new demands of the
people and a way of quality control. The development of the spinning machine led to textile mills
and factories. The factories, in turn, provided jobs. The population began to migrate towards the
cities, which gave way to disease and a change in social structure. The transportation for these
new goods included railroads and canals. The road systems at this time were unreliable and always
in need of repair. The industrial revolution also had effects on the environment. For example, the
burning of coal as fuel source led to air pollution. This revolution as a whole, however, provided
necessary advancements that led numerous developments in technology.

England
 A change from rural agriculture and simple manufacturing to power-driven
machines and an increase in production.
 Began here because of the large deposits of coal and iron.
 The merchants adjusted to the rising demand and production costs by
implementing factories and machines.
 Merchants went to machines to control quality and cost of textiles.
 Farms began to produce more raw materials.

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 Franc Industrial
e
Revolution
 Gained ground late.
 Cotton and linen mills and coal mines were opened.
 Canals were built to transport goods and materials.
Germany
 Transformed industry through developments in chemistry and electricity.
 Led to the construction of power stations for cities and towns.
Textiles
 The spinning machines gradually improved.
 The spinning jenny and the water frame solved the problem of coarse yarn.
 The spinning mule replaced past machines with the ability for producing fine
thread.
 The mule gave way to textile mills in the 1740’s.
Steam
 FirstEngines
produced in 1698 by Thomas Sarvey and by 1785 had become very efficient
by Newcomens’ developments.
 Continually improved on.
 Used to as a more efficient form of power.
 Led to the development of iron tools to drill perfect holes.
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 Transportati
on
 Railroads began to carry
Industrial
coal.
  Became inexpensive and effective
Revolution
Waterways were deepened to carry coal, iron, and other materials.

 Roads were poor and unreliable and always needed repair.

Mercantilism
 Economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the
nation's
commercial interests.
Effects
 The industrial revolution led to mass production of products.
 It led to the population migrating towards cities.
 It allowed for a higher standard of living for the middle class.
 Led to education of middle class children
 The use of coal has had a negative effect on the environment.
 inexpensive manufactured goods
 increased trade between nations

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 Reason for Revolution
Began when the steam engine was introduced in
Industrial
England Rapid population growth
Increase in agricultural production
Revolution
Commercial revolution of the 17th Century
Development of new means of
transportation

Economy
Britain traded in Europe, America, India, and
Africa
Revolution changed had political growth
when the English were allowed to trade with
Spanish Empire and Central America
Growth of English colonies in West Indies
and India created new markets
Society
Cheap manufactured goods sent to colonies when industrialization pace
Factories
increasedcreated jobs
Goods included hammers, shovels, and firearms
Factories also created
British Parliament a working
passed classcontrolled the industry
an act that
Jobs included long hours, low wages, and poor work
conditions Middle class was created
Jobs included manager, engineers, mechanics, and
toolmakers People live on urban areas due to labor
Factories were near where coal or other raw materials were
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Spread and Long-Term Effects Industrial
Spread throughout Europe, Americas, and Japan
Decrease in prices caused by people working in Revolution
factories using inter-changeable parts
Production of many goods included better
trade Created jobs

Inventions
James Watt: steam engine
Used to power machines in factories using coal in 1775
Development of railroad improved transportation
because it could run about 30 to 50 miles per hour
carrying raw materials and consumer goods

John Kay: flying shuttle

Produced yarn faster in 1733

Richard Arkwright: water frame
Produced yarn faster than the flying shuttle in
1769
Samuel Cromptom: Samuel’s mule
Combined the flying shuttle with water frame
The Sewing Machine invented in 1791 by the British inventor
Thomas Saint. In 1814 an Australian presented the
first
sewing machine and he patented it.

Samuel Morse: telegraph

Used electricity to send signals which were a
language of dots, dashes, and spaces that would
be translated into letters or words; known as
7 Morse code
 In the later part of the 1700s the manual labour
based economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain
began to be replaced by one dominated by industry
Industrial
and the manufacture of machinery. Revolution
 It started with the mechanization of the textile
industries, the development of iron-making ue
techniq and the increased use of refined coal. s
Once started spread. it

 Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction

of
canals, improved roads and railways.
 The introduction of steam power (fuelled
primarily coal) and powered machinery (mainly by
in textile manufacturing) underpinned the
dramatic increas production capacity. es The only surviving example of a Spinning mule
built by the inventor Samuel Crompton
 The development of all-metal machine tools in the in first
two decades of the 19th century facilitated the
manufacture of more production machines for
manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread
throughout Western Europe and North America during
the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the
world.
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 Industrial
Revolution
 The first Industrial Revolution
merged into the Second Industrial
Revolution around 1850, when
technological and economic
progress gained momentum with
the development of steam-powered
ships, railways, and later in the
nineteenth century with the
internal combustion engine and
electrical power generation.

 Some of the most important The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843).

inventions during this era were: Cement was used in the world's first underwater
Metallurgy, Mining, Steam power, tunnel
Chemicals, Machine tools, Gas
lighting, Agriculture, Transport

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Industrial Textile mill workers. Spinning machinery. Macon, Georgia,

Revolution
1909
 The causes of the Industrial Revolution were
complicated and remain a topic for debate,
with some historians seeing the Revolution as
an outgrowth of social and institutional
changes brought by the end of feudalism in
Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th
century.
 As national border controls became more
effective, the spread of disease was lessened,
therefore preventing the epidemics common
in previous times. The percentage of children
who lived past infancy rose significantly,
leading to a larger workforce.
 The colonial expansion of the 17th century
 The Enclosure movement and the British with the accompanying development of
Agricultural Revolution made food production international trade, creation of financial
more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing markets and accumulation of capital are also
the surplus population who could no longer find cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution
employment in agriculture into cottage of the 17th century.
industry, for example weaving, and in the
longer term into the cities and the newly  Technological innovation was the heart of the
developed factories. industrial revolution and the key enabling
technology was the invention and
10 improvement of the steam engine.
 Industrial
Revolution
 Alternatively, the greater liberalization of trade
from a large merchant base may have allowed
Britain to produce and utilize emerging
scientific and technological developments
more effectively than countries with stronger
monarchies, particularly China and Russia.

 Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries

also ensured markets were already available
for many early forms of manufactured goods.

 The conflict resulted in most British warfare

being conducted overseas, reducing the
devastating effects of territorial conquest that
affected much of Europe. This was further
aided by Britain's geographical position— an
island separated from the rest of mainland
Europe.
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 Industrial
 Another theory is that Britain was Revolution
able to succeed in the Industrial
Revolution due to the availability of
key resources it possessed. It had a
dense population for its small
geographical size. Enclosure of
common land and the related
Agricultural Revolution made a
supply of this labour readily
available.
 The stable political situation in
Britain from around 1688, and
British society's greater •The DeWitt Clinton was one of the first locomotives in the
receptiveness to change (when United States.
compared with other European
countries) can also be said to be
factors favouring the Industrial
Revolution.

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 Industrial
Innovations
 The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is Revolution
closely linked to a small number of innovations,
made in the second half of the 18th century:
 Textiles - Cotton spinning using Richard Arkwright's
water frame. This was patented in 1769 and so
came out of patent in 1783. The end of the patent
was rapidly followed by the erection of many
cotton mills. Similar technology was subsequently
applied to spinning worsted yarn for various
textiles and flax for linen.
 Steam power - The improved steam engine invented
The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England
by James Watt was initially mainly used for pumping
out mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power
machines. This enabled rapid development of
efficient semi-automated factories on a previously
unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was
not available.
 Iron founding - In the Iron industry, coke was finally
applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing
charcoal. This had been achieved much earlier for
lead and copper as well as for producing pig iron in
a blast furnace, but the second stage in the
production of bar iron depended on the use of
potting and stamping or puddling (patented by Puffing Billy, an early railway steam locomotive,
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Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784. constructed in 1813-1814 for colliery work.
 Industrial
 Later inventions such as the power loom
and Richard Trevithick's high pressure Revolution
steam engine were also important in the
growing industrialization of Britain.
 The application of steam engines to powering
cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to
be built in places that were most convenient
because other resources were available, rather
than where there was water to power a mill.
 In the textile sector, such mills became the
model for the organization of human labor in
factories, epitomized by Cottonopolis, the
name given to the vast collection of cotton
mills, factories and administration offices
based in Manchester.
 The assembly line system greatly improved
Spinning Frame
efficiency, both in this and other industries.
With a series of men trained to do a single
task on a product, then having it moved along
to the next worker, the number of finished
goods also rose significantly.

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 Industri
Social effects al
• In terms of social structure, the Revolutio
Industrial Revolution witnessed the n
triumph of a middle class of
industrialists and businessmen over
a landed class of nobility and gentry.

• Ordinary working people found

increased opportunities for
employment in the new mills and
factories, but these were often
under strict working conditions with
long hours of labour dominated by a
pace set by machines. However,
harsh working conditions were
prevalent long before the industrial
revolution took place as well. Pre-
industrial society was very static and
often cruel—child labour, dirty living
conditions and long working hours
were just as prevalent before
theIndustrial revolution
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 Factories and urbanization Industrial
• Industrialization led to the creation of the Revolution
factory. Arguably the first was John Lombe's
water- powered silk mill at Derby, operational by
1721. However, the rise of the factory came
somewhat later when cotton spinning was
mechanized.
• The factory system was largely responsible for the
rise of the modern city, as large numbers of
workers migrated into the cities in search of
employment in the factories. Nowhere was this
better illustrated than the mills and associated
industries of Manchester, nicknamed
"Cottonopolis", and arguably the world's first
industrial city. For much of the 19th century,
production was done in small mills, which were
typically water-powered and built to serve local
needs. Later each factory would have its own
steam engine and a tall chimney to give an
efficient draft through its boiler.
• The transition to industrialization was not without
difficulty. For example, a group of English workers
known as Luddites formed to protest against
16 JOHN HARRISON (1693-1776): ENGLISH CLOCK-MAKER.
industrialization and sometimes sabotaged
INVENTOR OF THE MARINE CHRONOMETER.
factories.
Factories and urbanization
 In other industries the transition to factory production
Industrial n
was not so divisive. Some industrialists themselves tried
to improve factory and living conditions for their
Revolutio
workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert
Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving
conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and
often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early
socialist movement.

 The rapid industrialization of the English economy cost

many craft workers their jobs. The textile industry in
particular industrialized early, and many weavers found
themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no
longer compete with machines which only required
relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce
more cloth than a single weaver. Many such
unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their
animosity towards the machines that had taken their
jobs and began destroying factories and machinery.
 These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly
followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first
attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The
Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British
government had to take drastic measures to protect
industry.

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 Industrial
 The Industrial Revolution led to a population
increase. Industrial workers were better paid Revolution
than those in agriculture. With more money,
women ate better and had healthier babies, who
were themselves better fed. Death rates
declined, and the distribution of age in the
population became more youthful.

 The insatiable demand of the railways for more

durable rail led to the development of the means
to cheaply mass-produce steel. Steel is often cited
as the first of several new areas for industrial
mass- production, which are said to characterize a
"Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around
1850. This second Industrial Revolution gradually
grew to include the chemical industries,
petroleum refining and distribution, electrical
industries, and, in the twentieth century, the
automotive industries, and was marked by a
transition of technological leadership from Britain
to the United States and Germany. Puffy Billy

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 • The introduction of hydroelectric power Industrial
generation in the Alps enabled the rapid
industrialization of coal-deprived northern
Italy, beginning in the 1890s. The increasing
Revolution
availability of economical petroleum
products also reduced the importance of
coal and further widened the potential for
industrialization.

• While the previous age of mechanization had

spread the idea of splitting every process into
a sequence, electric age was ended by the
introduction of the instant speed of
electricity that brought uniformity. This
imposed the cultural shift from the approach
of focusing on "specialized segments of
attention" (adopting one particular
perspective), to the idea of "instant sensory
awareness of the whole", an attention to the
"total field", a "sense of the
whole pattern“.
• It made evident and prevalent the sense of
"form and function as a unity", an "integral
idea of structure and configuration". This had
major impact in the disciplines of painting
(with cubism), physics, poetry,
communication and educational theory.
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•In the 1880s and 1890s, cycling was a popular form of transportation
for practical travel and pleasure rides. In the late 1860s, the
forerunner to the bicycle was the velocipede, which originates from
the Latin words for “swift foot.”
•The velocipede had pedals on the front wheel but no drive
mechanism, such as a chain on a bicycle. The velocipede was a
stepping stone that created a market for bicycles, which led to
the development of more advanced and efficient machines.
•The Shire velocipede was donated to the Smithsonian in 1907.
This photo shows Smithsonian curator George C. Maynard
with the Shire in 1914, an 1879 model that was a later version
of the original velocipede.
•The machine bears a brass plate marked "J. Shire, Patent allowed
May 10, 1879, Detroit, Mich." Patent Office records reveal that John
Shire of Detroit was granted Patent 216,231 covering "improvement in
velocipedes" June 3, 1879.
 Industrial
Intellectual paradigms and
criticism
Revolution

Capitalism
 The advent of The Enlightenment provided
an intellectual framework which welcomed
the practical application of the growing
body of scientific knowledge — a factor
evidenced in the systematic development of
the steam engine, guided by scientific
analysis, and the development of the
political and sociological analyzes,
culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of
Nations.
 One of the main arguments for capitalism is
that industrialization increases wealth for
all, as evidenced by raised life expectancy,
reduced working hours, and no work for
children and the elderly (though these
benefits did not occur for the lower class
20 until the 20th century).
 Marxism Industrial
The German philosopher Karl Marx became one of the
Revolution

most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Karl Marx
was born in 1818 in Germany. He studied law and
philosophy at university in Germany.
 Marx associated with the influential philosopher
Friedrich Engels. Together they developed and built on
theories of capitalism, socialism and historical change.
Marx's most influential theories were published in the
Communist Manifesto (1848) and the Das Kapital
(1867).
 Marx's theories were controversial and caused him to
be exiled from Germany. He settled in Paris, Brussels
and finally London.
 Marx believed that all historical change was caused by
a series of class struggles between the bourgeoisie
'haves' and the proletariat 'have-nots'.
 Marxism is essentially a reaction to the Industrial The images indicate classes were easily identified
Revolution. According to Karl Marx, industrialization through dress for the Laws which protected the
polarized society into those who own the means of nobility's privilege to wear both sword and fur from
being violated by commoners - in other words the
production, the factories and the land and the much
social climbing bourgeoisie.
larger proletariat – the working class who actually
perform the labor necessary to extract something
valuable from the means of production). He saw the
industrialization process as the logical dialectical
progression
which he saw ofas
feudal economic
in itself modes,
a necessary necessary
precursor for
to the
the full development
21 development of socialismof capitalism,
and eventually communism.
 Industrial
Romanticism
Revolution
 During the Industrial Revolution an
intellectual and artistic hostility towards the
new industrialization developed. This was
known as the Romantic movement. Its
major exponents in English included the
artist and poet William Blake and poets
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, John Keats, Byron and Percy
Bysshe Shelley. The movement stressed the
importance of "nature" in art and
language, in contrast to 'monstrous'
machines and factories; the "Dark satanic
mills" of Blake's poem And did those feet
in ancient time. Mary Shelley's short story
Frankenstein reflected concerns that
scientific progress might be two-edged.

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 Movies depicting the Industrial
 “Germinal.” “Germinal” is a 1993
Revolution
romantic drama set in mid-19th century
northern France.The story centers on a
European coal mining town during the
Industrial Revolution, and the exploited
workers who strike in protest against the
owner of the mine.
 “HardTimes.” “Hard Times” is a 1994
BBC film adaptation of a classic Charles
Dickens novel.The story reveals the plight
of the poor working classes in Victorian
England–people who had no choice but to
work in factories and mills, for owners who
abused and exploited them, growing rich at
their expense.
 “Modern Times.” “Modern Times” is a
classic 1936 Charlie Chaplin film. In this
award-winning romantic comedy, the Tramp
(an American factory worker) struggles to
live in a modern industrial society–with the
help of a young homeless woman.
 Movies depicting the
Industrial
Revolution
 “Moulin Rouge.” “Moulin Rouge” is an
Oscar-winning 2001 musical drama set in late
1800s Paris, France.The story takes place
during the French bohemian revolution, a
cultural transformation that took place during
the Industrial Revolution era.The story
centers on a young poet who falls in love with
a beautiful courtesan who is also coveted by a
duke.
 “Oliver Twist.” “Oliver Twist” is a 2005 film
adaptation of a classic Charles Dickens novel.
Set in 19th century London, England, the
story centers on an orphan boy who meets a
pickpocket and joins a household of boys
trained to steal for their master.The film
depicts the harsh life and environment of
many orphans and urban children during the
Industrial Revolution in England. Barney
Clark, Ben Kingsley, and Jeremy Swift star in
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this award-nominated