The JTB Analysis of Knowledge:

1) S knows that p iff p is true;

2) S believes that p;
3) S is justified in believing that
p.
 Justified
 Justified: positive appraisal.
 Something is justified if it is good
 Good:

- Prudential justification
- epistemically justified
-> beliefs are epistemically justified: The epistemic point
of view.
=> An epistemic justification is a justification sufficient for
Knowledge
Justification and Truth

 Notall justified beliefs are true

beliefs.

 Notall true beliefs are justified

beliefs.
Justification and Reasons
 Reasons for belief, in general, are answers to
“Why?…” questions
 There are different kinds of “why?- questions”:
 Causes
 Must justify why we believe.*
=> Good epistemic reasons to believe that p are facts
about him or facts about his belief that make it
likely that his belief is true
Justification and Reasons
 So it seems that a good
epistemic reason for believing p
is a piece of evidence

 We can say that evidence

presupposes other beliefs that
we hold as true