Oracle Database Administration

Session 1

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Introduction

What is an Oracle DBA ?

What do they do ?

How do they do it

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How DBAs spend their time
heir Time

Install 6% Create and Load Data 6%

Configure 12%

Manage Database
System 55%

Maintain
Software 6%

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What is a Database?

A database is used to store and organize

various pieces of information.
We get access to this information through
Applications

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Types of Database

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

Decision Support (DSS)
Operational Data Store (ODS)
Data Warehouse

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OLTP

Online Transaction Processing

Data dependency Model
Many-to-many relationships
Many-to-one relationships
If we have more detailed data, it must be
better

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Operational Data Store (ODS)

An ODS has been defined as

– Subject oriented
– Integrated
– Volatile
– Current valued
– Comprised of only corporate detailed data

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Data Warehouse

A Data Warehouse is a collection of

integrated, subject-oriented databases
designed to support the DSS (decision
support) function, where each unit of data is
relevant for some moment in time
W. H. Inmon
The data should be
– Well defined
– Consistent
– Non-volatile (read-only)
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Data Warehouse

Any information, from anywhere, of anytime,

from internal and external data sources
This includes operational, historical and
legacy data
It can also include data from Internet service
providers and subscription databases
It must include Metadata ( data about data)

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Data Marts

A Data Mart is a Data Warehouse

Designed to meet the needs of a specific

group of users.

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Applications

Web based

SQL (sequel)

Embedded SQL (Java, C++, etc)

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The Oracle DBA

What is the Role of the DBA

– Ongoing maintenance
– Planning, design and development
– Data Administrator
New Issues
– Uptime
– Backups with shorter windows
– More visible

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DBA Roles

The Systems or Operational DBA

– monitor all the production databases, adds users,
tablespaces, etc.
– Advise on the development and implementation
of batch processes
– Manage nightly Loads

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DBA Role

The Architect
– Works with the application development team
– Knows the operational side, so develops
solutions that are easier to maintain
– Change management procedures

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DBA Role

The Internet DBA

– Objects stored in the database
– Need to have Web Master skills
– Working knowledge of HTML
– Working knowledge of JAVA
– High Availability (no downtime window)

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DBA Role

The Application DBA

– Develop and implement Coding Standards
– Develop applications
– Evaluate new functionality with new releases of
the software
– PL/SQL
– JAVA

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DBA Role

The Data DBA

– Data Integrity and cleansing
– Extraction,Transformation and Loading (ETL)
– Advise in the development of Metadata
– Data Warehouse

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The DBA Tasks

Software Installation
– Setup the initial environment
– Advise the System administrators
Software Additions
Software Upgrades
– What are the current releases
– Are they stable

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The DBA Tasks

 Log TAR’s (Technical Action Reports)

– These are requests of Oracle for help
– Research the Oracle and other websites for information on
your current issue
 Applying Patches
– These are not full upgrades
– They correct some specific bug or group of bugs
 System Tuning
– System level
– Database level
– Application level

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The DBA Tasks

Database Issues
Move/Copy a database
Development Issues
Database Standards
Security policies

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The DBA Tasks

Education of others
Reading, magazines…
Third Party Software
Monitoring Tools
Automation

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Islands of Computation

Limited scalability, no resource sharing

Must be configured for peak loads, when
implemented
Single points of failure
Slow to adjust to the new needs of the
business

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Grid Computing
Application Server
Storage Grid Database Grid Grid

Grid
Control

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Grid Vision
 Computing as a utility
– A network of clients and service providers
 Client-side: Simplicity
– Request computation or information and receive it
 Server-side: Sophistication
– Availability, reliability, security
– Capacity on demand, load balancing
 Virtualization
– Nothing more virtual than a utility
– Massive potential

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Oracle 10g

Integrated grid infrastructure

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 Database Management
Challenges
Application
and SQL
Management
System
Storage
Resource
Management
Management

Backup and
Space
Recovery
Management
Management

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This Course ….

System level issues

Installation of the RDBMS software
Adding more software options
Upgrading to a new level of the RDBMS and
the issues related to this
Applying patches to the RDBMS

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This Course ….

Create a database “instance”

Database Security, create users, roles …
Create database objects, tables, indexes, etc.
 Examine the storage parameters of these
objects
Oracle utilities, export, import
Database Networking Issues

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This Course ..

How to manage the database using database

“views”
How to “backup” the database
How to “recover” the database
Performance management
How to get help from Oracle
Oracle Enterprise Manager

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This Course ….

Where does the database fit in the big picture

The technical architecture for an application
XML databases
Oracle certification

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Database 101

A database is a collection of data

Stored in Tables
Relational Tables, defined by Columns
Data is stored in Rows
These tables can then be related to each
other using relationships.
The database enforces these relationships

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The Instance

A database instance (server) is a set of

memory structures and background
processes, that access a set of database files

The memory structure is the SGA (System

Global Area)

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The Physical World

The computer system

– The operating system
– Memory Modules
– Storage Disks
– Processors
– Daemons
printers
Networks
– Files

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Oracle Directory Structure

/u 0 1 /a p p /o r a c le ($ O R A C L E _ B A S E )

a d m in p ro d u c t

< S ID _ N A M E > $O RACLE_HO M E

bdum p udum p p f ile cdum p a rc h c r e a te n e tw o rk dbs b in

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The Logical World

A Tablespace is a logical division of a

database.

Each tablespace is made up of one or more

files, called datafiles. A datafile belongs to
one tablespace

A table is a logical structure, inside a

tablespace
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Database Structures

Three Types
– Internal to the Database

– Internal to the Memory (SGA and Processes)

– External to the Database

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Internal Database Structures
Tables
Indexes
– It is a partial copy of a table, used to help speed
up accessing the data in the table
Views
– A method of looking at “some” of the data in a
table or group of tables

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Internal Database Structures

Procedures
– Blocks of PL/SQL statements, called by
applications
– They do not return a value to the calling program
Functions
– Like a procedure, but can return a value to the
calling program.

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Internal Database Structures

Packages
– These hold procedures and functions in logical
groups
– A package can have PUBLIC and PRIVATE
elements
– Public, would be procedures for a USERS usage
– Private may be called by other procedures in the
package

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Internal Database Structures

Triggers
– Procedures that execute when a specific event
occurs
– Used to augment referential integrity, enforce
additional integrity
– Statement triggers
– Row triggers

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Internal Database Structures

Sequences
– Sequential lists of unique numbers
– Used as primary Keys
Users
Schemas
Database Links
Undo Segments (rollback segments)

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Website

http://courses.dce.harvard.edu/~cscie256/

Discussion Board

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Reading

10g Concepts Guide

– Part 1
Quick review all
– Part 2
Chapter 8 Memory Architecture
Chapter 9 Process Architecture

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