OBJECTIVES

• To determine the major organs

of the Integumentary System
and its function
• To determine the functions of
Integumentary System
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
EXERCISE
 PROCESS OF
SWEATING
Exercise
Cellular respiration > ATP >Heat
Hypothalamus >signal >SNS
Sweat glands >Osmosis> Water
Pressure
 PART 1
MECHANICS
CLUE
 KEY ANSWERS
1. Skin 1. Nail root
2. Hair 2. Lunula
3. Cuticle 3. Sebaceous
4. Hair follicle 4. Ingrown
5. Glands 5. Sudoriferous
6. Nails 6. Epidermis
7. Sweat 7. Dermis
8. Nail plate 8. Hypodermis
 PART 2
MECHANICS
TIMER
 KEY ANSWERS:
GREEN TEAM-SKIN:
The skin provides protection, regulates body
temperature, and provides sensation.
RED TEAM-HAIR:
The primary function of hair is to insulate the
human body.
BLUE TEAM-NAIL:
Nails are type of modified skin that protect
the sensitive tips of fingers and toes.
INTRODUCTION OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
 Structure and Function
• Integumentary system is composed of
the skin and accessory structures (hair,
nails, glands)
• Functions of the integumentary system
– Protects the other body systems from
injury and infection
– Helps the body maintain homeostasis by
regulating temperature, retaining body
fluids, and eliminating wastes
– Insulates and cushions deeper organs
Skin Structures
 Skin
• The largest organ of the body
• 4 kilograms, 7-15% of total body
weight
• Changes in the skin often indicate the
presence of other body system
disorders including anemia,
respiratory disorders, liver disorders,
cancer, and shock
• Each inch of skin contains 15 ft. of
blood vessels
 Skin(CUTANEOUS)
• The top layer is full of keratin and hardened to
prevent water loss.
• The rich capillary network and sweat glands
help regulate heat loss from surface.
• It is a mini-excretory system- loses urea, water
and salts.
• Manufactures proteins important to immunity
and synthesizes Vitamin A, D & K. (Vitamin D
synthesis very important)
• Cutaneous sensory receptors
provide info. about the
Environment.
Layers of Skin
• Epidermis is avascular
– Outermost layer of the skin that is composed of
a surface of dead cells with an underlying layer
of living cells
– Made up of stratified squamous cells that are
capable of keratinizing (hard/tough)
– Melanocytes (pigment cells); increase in sun
exposure will cause these cells to produce more
melanin
– Langerhans cells: macrophages that activate
the immune system
– Merkel cells: sensory nerve receptors
Layers of Skin
• Dermis (corium or true skin)
– Called the “true” skin; the dermis contains the
blood vessels and nerves
– Dense Connective tissue; strong/flexible
– Collagen, elastin (stretch/recoil)
– Contains:
• Blood vessels and capillaries
• Lymphatic vessels
• Nerves
• Hair shafts and hair follicles
• Sensory receptors
• Sudorferous glands- sweat
• Sebaceous glands- oil
**The epidermis and dermis are firmly connected but can be
separated by friction (blisters) Dense Connective tissue
Layers of Skin
• Subcutaneous (Hypodermis)
– Not skin
– Adipose and areolar connective tissue
– Stores fat
– Anchors skin to underlying structures
(muscles)
– Allows skin to slide freely
– Shock absorber, insulator
– Thickens with weight gain
 Skin Color
• Pigments:
– Keratin
• Yellow to orange
• Accumulates in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of
hypodermis
• Color obvious in palms and soles
– Melanin
• Only pigment in the skin
• Yellow to reddish-brown to black
• Synthesis depends on enzyme in melanocytes
• Racial differences vary on amount of melanin made
• Local accumulation in freckles and moles
• Exposure to sunlight increases manufacturing of melanin
to prolonged exposure; tan
FUNCTION OF SKIN
The skin provides
protection, regulates body
temperature, and provides
sensation.
 Skin Injuries
• Excessive sun exposure
– Clumps elastin fibers “leathery skin”
– Temporary depression
of immune system
• Burns:1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th degree depending on
depth of burn (UV light, corrosive
chemicals, electricity)
Accessory Structures
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands
 Hair and Hair Follicles
• Skin has hair in all areas except the soles of the
feet and palms of the hands
• Composed of keratin and proteins; also dead
epidermal cells
• Hair serves to block foreign particles from entering
the body through structures such as the nose and
eyes
• The primary function of hair is to insulate the
human body.
• The visible portion is called the shaft
• The hair follicle is the root with its covering
– Anagen: growing follicle
– Telogen: resting follicle
 Nails
• Tightly packed, keratinized cells
• Nail body is pink due to
– underlying capillaries
• Free edge appears white
• Lunula is white due to
– thickened stratum basale
• Cuticle (eponychium)
• Nail root- buried under skin layers
• Nails are type of modified skin that protect
the sensitive tips of fingers and toes
Glands
• Four types of glands in the skin (exocrine)
– Sebaceous glands (oil)
– Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
– Ceruminous glands (wax)
– Mammary (milk) glands
• Function is to help regulate the body
temperature and excrete body wastes

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All

rights reserved.
 Sebaceous (Oil) glands
• Secretory in dermis- open into hair
shafts
• Acne- bacterial inflammation of
glands
– Secretions stimulated by hormones at
puberty
– Associated with blackheads
• Sebum- combination of cholesterol,
proteins, fats, and salts
– Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
• Apocrine (sweat) glands- secrete at hair follicle and
active at puberty
– In dermis with ducts that open into hair follicles
– -Axilla (underarm)
– Perianal (near the anal area)
– Areole (nipple)
– Periumbilical (around the belly button),
External ear canal Eyelids
– Also consists of ducts and secretory coils, but these glands are
larger than eccrine glands and open onto hair follicles.
• Eccrine (sweat glands)
– Most areas of the body
– In dermis with ducts to surface
– Regulates body temp w/ perspiration
*produces about 500 mL p/day
Sudorfiterous glands

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All

rights reserved.
Ceruminous glands (wax)
• Modified sweat glands
• Located in auditory canal
• Cerumen- contains secretions of oil and
wax glands; barrier for entrance of foreign
bodies
• Impacted cerumen may reduce hearing
 Disorders of the
Integumentary System
• Dandruff
– White flakes of dead skin cells from
the scalp
• Eczema
– Group of disorders caused by allergic
or irritant reactions; red, dry, itchy,
scaly skin
• Fungal skin infections
– Skin infections that live on dead outer
surface or epidermis
 Disorders of the
Integumentary System
• Lupus
– Benign dermatitis or chronic systemic disorder
• Psoriasis
– Chronic skin disorder in which too many
epidermal cells are produced
• Rashes
– May result from viral infection, especially in
children
• Ring Worm
-Fungal infection on surface of skin; contagious
and treated with antifungal
• Wart
– Papule caused by a viral infection
Issues and Innovations
• Skin and hair care
– Skin care products include soap,
astringents, and cosmetics
– Ways to remove hair include wax,
depilatory creams, and
electrolysis
• Sun and skin cancer
– Damage by ultraviolet rays
– Types of skin cancer