Presentation of Data

Presenting Data in Tables and Charts

Examples:

Reasons for Shopping for Gifts Online

Reason Percentage
Comparison shopping 23
Convenience 33
Free shipping 34
Larger selection 6
Speed 4
Total 100
Presenting Data in Tables and Charts

Examples:

Bar Chart of the Reasons for Shopping Gifts Online

Speed

Larger selection
Category

Free shipping

Convenience

Comparison shopping

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Percentage
Presenting Data in Tables and Charts

Examples:

Chart of the Reasons for Shopping Gifts Online

Comparison
Larger selection, 6% Speed, 4% shopping, 23%

Free shipping, 34%

Convenience, 33%
 Table 1-b

Respondent's Profile - Employment

Male Female Overall

Career Path/Employment
N % Rank N % Rank N % Rank

Main Employment

Private Practice 74 71.15 1 22 57.89 1 96 67.61 1

a. Solo Practice 28     12     40    

b. With a Partner 30     6     36    

1. senior partner 20     2     22    

2. junior partner 10     4     14    

c. In a firm 16     4     20    

1. senior partner 12     0     12    

2. junior partner 4     4     8    

Government 22 21.15 2 8 21.05 2.5 30 21.13 2

a.Public Attorney’s Office 4     0     4    

b.Prosecutor’s Office 8     2     10    

c.Other Government Office 10     6     16    

Judiciary 8 7.69 3 8 21.05 2.5 16 11.27 3

a.Clerk of Court 4     4     8    

b.Judge 4     4     8    

Total 104 100.00   38 100.00   142 100.00  

Minor Employment

Corporations 4 5.71 2 2 8.33 3 6 6.38 2

Academe 62 88.57 1 18 75.00 1 80 85.11 1

Social Work 2 2.86 3.5 2 8.33 3 4 4.26 3.5

Public Service 2 2.86 3.5 2 8.33 3 4 4.26 3.5

Total 70 100.00   24 100.00   94 100.00  

80 74

70
60
50
40
30 22 22

20
8 8 8
10
0
Private Practice Go vernment Jud iciary

Male Female

Figure 7. Respondents' Main Employment

70 62
60
50
40
30 18
20
10 4 2 2 2 2 2
0
Corporations Academe Social Work Public Service

Male Female

Figure 8. Respondents' Minor Employment

Frequency Distribution

• A summary table in which the data are

arranged into numerically ordered class
groupings. Data presented in frequency
distribution are called grouped data.
Frequency Distribution
Parts of Frequency Distribution
• Class Interval – a grouping or category defined by lower and upper
limits.
• Class Frequency – number of observations belonging to a class
interval.
• Class Mark – representative value of each element belonging to a
certain class interval.
• Class Boundary – more precise expression of the class limits by at
least 0.5 of their values.
• Cumulative Frequency – provides a way of presenting information
about the number of values that are less than a certain value.
• Relative Frequency – shows a proportion in percent of each
frequency relative to the total frequency.
 Guidelines for classes
• There should be between 5 and 20 classes.
• The class width should be an odd number. This will guarantee that
the class midpoints are integers instead of decimals.
• The classes must be mutually exclusive. This means that no data
value can fall into two different classes
• The classes must be all inclusive or exhaustive. This means that all
data values must be included.
• The classes must be continuous. There are no gaps in a frequency
distribution. Classes that have no values in them must be included
(unless it's the first or last class which are dropped).
• The classes must be equal in width. The exception here is the first
or last class. It is possible to have an "below ..." or "... and above"
class. This is often used with ages.
 Creating a Grouped Frequency Distribution
1. Find the largest and smallest values
2. Compute the Range = Maximum - Minimum
3. Select the number of classes desired. This is usually between 5
and 20.
4. Find the class width by dividing the range by the number of classes
and rounding up. There are two things to be careful of here. You
must round up, not off. Normally 3.2 would round to be 3, but in
rounding up, it becomes 4. If the range divided by the number of
classes gives an integer value (no remainder), then you can either
add one to the number of classes or add one to the class width.
Sometimes you're locked into a certain number of classes because
of the instructions. The Bluman text fails to mention the case when
there is no remainder.
 Creating a Grouped Frequency Distribution
5. Pick a suitable starting point less than or equal to the minimum
value. You will be able to cover: "the class width times the number
of classes" values. You need to cover one more value than the
range. Follow this rule and you'll be okay: The starting point plus
the number of classes times the class width must be greater than
the maximum value. Your starting point is the lower limit of the first
class. Continue to add the class width to this lower limit to get the
rest of the lower limits.
6. To find the upper limit of the first class, subtract one from the lower
limit of the second class. Then continue to add the class width to
this upper limit to find the rest of the upper limits.
7. Find the boundaries by subtracting 0.5 units from the lower limits
and adding 0.5 units from the upper limits. The boundaries are also
half-way between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of
the next class. Depending on what you're trying to accomplish, it
may not be necessary to find the boundaries.
 Creating a Grouped Frequency Distribution
8. Tally the data.
9. Find the frequencies.
10. Find the cumulative frequencies. Depending on what you're trying
to accomplish, it may not be necessary to find the cumulative
frequencies.
11. If necessary, find the relative frequencies and/or relative
cumulative frequencies.
Frequency Distribution

Example:

Construct a frequency distribution table starting with the lowest given value
on the IQ scores of 25 job applicants to a company. Use 7 class intervals.

81 84 91 83 85

90 93 81 92 86

84 90 101 89 87

94 88 90 88 91

89 95 91 96 97
 Answer
Class Class Cumulative Relative
Intervals Frequency Mark Boundary Frequency Frequency
99 - 101 1 100 98.5 - 101.5 1 4
96 - 98 2 97 95.5 - 98.5 3 8
93 - 95 3 94 92.5 - 95.5 6 12
90 - 92 7 91 89.5 - 92.5 13 28
87 - 89 5 88 86.5 - 89.5 18 20
84 - 86 4 85 83.5 - 86.5 22 16
81 - 83 3 82 80.5 - 83.5 25 12
  25 100
Frequency Distribution

Exercise:

The following data presents the weekly savings of employees in a certain

company. Construct a frequency table with 9 class intervals.

P490 520 180 650 220

570 560 260 450 333
165 900 350 667 444
785 580 670 890 543
750 468 590 540 567
440 700 380 324 789
840 650 300 555 900
200 620 860 698 397