VALUES

&
SCIENCE
Harrylle Velasco Retardo BSPA-III
 PERSUATION
CONVERSION
DEMONSTRATIO
N
-aims merely at stating that a given
relationship exists, regardless of its
goodness, rightness, or beauty.
"Of what scientific
significance is this
finding?"
"Of what practical
utility is this
finding?"
"What
is the moral
responsibility of the
scientist in the world
today?"
 THE BASES
OF
SCIENCE
“Science itself rests upon a series of postulates, or
assumptions, which are themselves fundamentally
unproved and unprovable. We can assert that these
postulates are true; we can believe them; but we
cannot prove them.”

“EPISTEMOLOGY
”
 -The world exists.
-We can know the world
-We know the world
through our senses.
-Phenomena are related
causally.
“They are not provable, but they are "true" because we
wish them to be true. In this sense, then, science itself is
founded upon evaluative assertions.”
ETHICS IN
SCIENCE
"...it is better to know than
not to know."
“The acceptance of
the belief that
knowledge is good
is by itself sufficient
to indicate the
ethical quality of
science.”
“...a positive interest in
academic freedom is another
ethical principle
characteristic of modern
science, which
together with absolute
honesty, and the willingness
to admit being wrong, can be
derived from the basic value
that knowledge is superior to
ignorance. “
 THE APPRAISAL
OF SCIENTIFIC
WORK
- lies in the general culture in which the scientist lives.
-lies in the value systems of fellow scientists.
“...our culture tends
to emphasize the
immediate, useful,
and the material.”
 Scientific
Socialization
“It is also necessary to learn the "proper" style for
reporting research and to learn whom and what to respect
among other scientists and their doctrines. It is necessary
to learn the folkways of the field...”
 The areas in which
science advances are thus at
least partially influenced by
two value systems, the one
emanating from the general
culture, the other from the
scientist's colleagues.
MOTIVATIONS
TO SCIENCE
-Modern Western society holds science in high regard.
-Science may be a means to the achievement of other
values in our society.

“Since science is the work of scientists, and since

scientists share in the values of their culture, it is
clear that science and values are related through the
motivations of men. “
VALUES AS
DATA
“...value judgments are merely the
formalized expressions of sentiments and
emotions derived from the culture and
impelling men to action.”
SCIENCE AS A
MEANS
“Science is essentially a means to an end.”

“...the basis for the prestigeful position of

science in our society is its ability to solve
problems. “
SCIENCE AS A
MEANS
If science can
-offer a method of solving problems
tell us how to do a thing, can it
-offer alternative methods, so that
relative costs can be calculated
also tell us what to do?
-provide a means for predicting what
the other consequences of
a given course of action may be.
THE POSSIBILITY OF
A SCIENTIFIC ETHIC

Science can only tell

us how to achieve goals; it
Can never tell us what
goals should be sought.
VALUE JUDGMENTS
AND ERROR
“...the distinction between
a value judgment and a scientific
proposition is not one between
error and truth. A scientific
proposition may be either correct
or incorrect. The
point is that it can be
demonstrated to be one or the
other.”
END