DIAGNOSTIC TEST

By AGUS RIFA’I,S.Pd,MM
What is diagnostic test?

 A diagnostic test is any approach used to gather clinical

information for the purpose of making a clinical decision
(i.e., diagnosis). Some examples of diagnostic tests
include X-rays, biopsies, pregnancy tests, medical
histories, and results from physical examinations.
From a statistical point of view there are two points to keep in
mind:

 the clinical decision-making process is based on probability;

 the goal of a diagnostic test is to move the estimated probability
of disease toward either end of the probability scale (i.e., 0 rules out
disease, 1 confirms the disease)
Here is an example.
A 54-year-old woman visits her family physician for an annual
check-up. The physician observes that:

 she had no illnesses during the preceding year and there is no family
history of breast cancer,
 her physical exam is unremarkable, (nothing unusual is apparent),
 her breast exam is normal (no signs of a palpable mass), and
 her pelvic and rectal exams are unremarkable.
 Based on the woman's age and medical history, the initial (prior)
probability estimate of breast cancer is 0.003. The physician
recommends that the woman have a mammogram, due to her age.
Unfortunately, the results of the mammogram are abnormal. This
yields a modification of the women's prior probability of breast
cancer from 0.003 to 0.13 (notice the Bayesian flavor of this
approach - prior probability modified via existing data).
 Next, the woman is referred to a surgeon who agrees that the
physical breast exam is normal. The surgeon consults with a
radiologist and they decide that the woman should undergo fine
needle aspiration (FNA) of the abnormal breast detected by the
mammogram. (diagnostic test #2) The FNA specimen reveals
abnormal cells, which again revises the probability of breast cancer,
from 0.13 to 0.64. Finally, the woman is scheduled for a breast
biopsy the following week to get a definitive diagnosis.
 Ideally, diagnostic tests always would be correct, non-invasive, and
inflict no side effects. If this were the case, a positive test result
would unequivocally indicate the presence of disease and a negative
result would indicate the absence of disease. Realistically, however,
every diagnostic test is fallible.
Kind of diagnostic test
 Biopsy
 Colonoscopy
 CT scan
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Gastroscopy
 Eye tests
 Hearing test
 MRI scan
 PET scan
  X-rays
 Ultrasound
Task
Collect information about some diagnostic tests below
 Colonoscopy
 CT scan
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Gastroscopy
 Eye tests
 Hearing test
 MRI scan
 PET scan
  X-rays
 Ultrasound
Instruction of the task
Information contains:
 The understanding of the test.
 Why is the test done?
 When is the test done?
 Supported information such as, type, effect, etc.

The task must be submitted before Tuesday next week via google classroom.
Information