2.0 Non-Directional OC Protection - Final

NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Non-Directional Overcurrent Protection
Stronger transmission
for a stronger nation.
• Overcurrent Protection Concepts &

Principles
• Recommended Methodology for
Overcurrent Relay Setting and
Coordination
• Checklist for Coordination of Overcurrent
Relays
Overcurrent Protection Principles
Purpose of Protection
• Detect abnormal conditions
– Overload
– Short-Circuit
• Isolate faulty part of the system
Overcurrent Protection Principles
Design Criteria
• Speed
– Instantaneous
– Time Delayed
• Discrimination
– Current
– Time
– Current and Time
• Reliability (Dependability and Security)
• Cost of protection against cost of potential hazards
Types of Overcurrent Protection
Fuses
• Simple
• Can provide very fast fault clearance
– Less than 10ms for large fault current
• Limit fault energy
Arcing Time
Pre-arc Time
Prospective Fault Current
Total t
Operating
Time
Fuses - Disadvantages
• Issues on coordination
• Limited sensitivity to earth faults
• Single phasing
• Fixed characteristic
• Need replacing following fault clearance
for a stronger nation. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays
• Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault
operates
50 IF2 50 IF1
• Problem
– Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the two
relay locations
– Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
50 IF2 50 IF1
Definite/ Independent Time Overcurrent Relays
51 IF2 51 IF1
0.9 sec 0.5 sec
• Operating time is independent of current

• Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
• Problem
– Longest operating time is at the source where fault
level is highest
IDMT Overcurrent Relays
TIME
IS APPLIED CURRENT
(RELAY CURRENT SETTING)
• The characteristic is a function of both time and current

settings.
• The time of operation is inversely proportional to the current
applied.
Disc Type IDMT O/C Relays
• Current setting via plug bridge

• Time Multiplier Setting via disc
movement
• Single characteristic
• Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus
additional EF relay
Static IDMT O/C Relays
• Electronic, multi-characteristic
• Fine settings, wide range
• Integral instantaneous elements
Numerical IDMT O/C Relays
I>1
I>2
TIME
I>3
I>4
CURRENT
• Multiple characteristics and stages

• Current settings in primary or secondary values
• Additional Protection elements
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Basic Principle of Operation
Typical Inverse-Time Induction Disc Relay

Typical Plunger Relay

Typical electromechanical clapper or telephone relay

Overcurrent Protection Coordination
Principle
• Relay closest to fault must

operate first
• Other relays must have
R1 R2 IF adequate additional
operating time to prevent
T them operating
• Current setting chosen to
allow FLC
• Consider worst case
IS2 IS1 Max Fault Level I conditions, operating
modes and current flows
Overcurrent Protection Coordination
When performing coordination study the

following need to be considered:
• Relay Characteristics
• Relay Current Setting
• Grading Margin
• Time Multiplier Setting
O/C Relay Characteristics
IEC Standard: ANSI/IEEE Standard:

• Standard Inverse • Moderately Inverse
• Very Inverse • Very Inverse
• Extremely Inverse • Extremely Inverse
• Long Time Inverse • Short Time Inverse
• Inverse
O/C Relay Characteristic
Standard Inverse
• Commonly known as 3/10 characteristic
• Widely applied at all system voltages
• Used when:
– No coordination requirement with other types
such as fuses, thermal characteristics of
transformers and motors, etc.
– Fault levels do not vary significantly
– There is minimal inrush on cold load pickup
•
Standard Inverse
• Mathematical expression
Where:
TMS = Time Multiplier Setting
M = ; = applied current
Very Inverse
• Used to obtain greater time selectivity when
the limiting overall time factor is very low,
and the fault current at any point does not
vary too widely
• Gives longer time grading intervals
• Permits the same time multiplier setting for
several relays in series
• Inverse
Very
Where:
Extremely Inverse
• Operating time is approximately inversely
proportional to the square of the current
• Particularly suitable for:
– grading with fuses
– protection of feeders which are subject to peak
currents on switching in
– used with auto-reclosers at low voltage distribution
– Protection against overheating
•
Extremely Inverse
Where:
Long Time Inverse

• Has long time characteristic
• For protection of neutral earthing resistors
which normally have a 30 sec rating
• Operating time at 5 times current setting and
TMS =1 is 30 seconds
• Time Inverse
Long
Where:
•IEC
Characteristics
• SI t =
• VI t =
• EI t = LTI
SI
• LTI t = VI
EI
Where: TMS = Time Multiplier Setting and M = Multiple of current setting

O/C Relay Operating Time
• Relay operating times can be

calculated using relay characteristic
charts
• Published characteristic charts are
drawn against a multiple of current
setting or Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
• Characteristics can be used for any
application regardless of actual relay
current setting
• e.g. at 10x setting (PSM of 10 ) SI curve
op time is 3s (TMS=1)
O/C Relay Current Setting
• Set just above full load current

– typically 10% tolerance
• Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by
downstream device
– Consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
– Relay must fully reset with full load current flowing
• PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
• PU/DO for electromechanical = 90%
• e.g. for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95
O/C Relay Current Grading
• Ensure that if upstream relay has started,

downstream relay has also started
R1 R2 IF
• Set upstream relay current setting greater than

downstream relay
• e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
O/C Relay Current Grading Margin
• Operating time difference between two devices to

ensure that downstream device will clear the fault
before upstream device trips
• Must include
– Breaker opening time T
– Allowance for errors

– Relay overshoot time Grading
Margin
– Safety margin
I
O/C Relay Current Grading Margin –
Between Relays
R1 R2 IF
T
Traditionally
• Breaker Operate Time = 0.1 Grading
• Relay overshoot = 0.05 Margin
• Allow for errors = 0.15 I
• Safety margin = 0.1
• Total = 0.4 s
O/C Relay Current Grading Margin –
Between Relays
Calculate using formula

• t’ = (2Er + ECT) t/100 + tCB + tO + tS
 Er = relay timing error
 ECT = CT measurement error
 t = operate time of downstream relay
 tCB = CB interrupting time
 tO = relay overshoot time
 tS = safety margin
for a stronger nation. Relay with Downstream Fuse
T
R
I
• Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure

coordination
• Use EI curve to grade with fuse
• Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
• Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic
Relay with Upstream Fuse
Tf
R
Tr
IF max I
• Tr+(Er + ECT) Tr/100 + tCB + tS = Ef x Tf

• 1.175Tr + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.6Tf
• Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s
O/C Relay Time Multiplier Setting
• Used to adjust the

operating time of an
inverse characteristic
• Not a time setting but a
multiplier
• Calculate TMS to give the
desired operating time in
accordance with the
grading margin
O/C Relay Time Multiplier Setting
Calculation
• Calculate relay operating time required, Treq
– Consider grading margin
– Fault level
• Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with TMS
=1, T1
• TMS = Treq/T1
Plotting of Characteristic
• Use log/log graph with the ‘y’ axis scaled in

seconds and ‘x’ axis in “multiple of current

setting”
• With this, the characteristic can be applied
to any relay, irrespective of the setting range
and nominal rating.
OCR GRADING EXAMPLE
OCR Grading Example
200/5 100/5
B A IFMAX=1400A
Is = 5 A Is = 5 A, TMS = 0.05, SI
• Grade Relay A with Relay B

• Coordinate at maximum fault level seen by both
relays = 1400A
• Assume grading margin of 0.4s
OCR Grading Example
200/5 100/5
B A IFMAX=1400A
Is = 5 A Is = 5 A, TMS = 0.05, SI
• Relay
A set to 100A, hence PSM = 1400/100 = 14
Relay A operate time = t = = = 0.13
• Relay B operate time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13+0.14 =
0.53s
• Relay A uses SI curve so Relay B should also use SI curve
OCR Grading Example
200/5 100/5
B A IFMAX=1400A
Is = 5 A Is = 5 A, TMS = 0.05, SI
• Relay B set to 200A, hence PSM = 1400/200= 7
Relay B operate time = t (@TMS = 1) = = 3.53s
• Required TMS = = = 0.15
• Set Relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI
SEE COORDINATION CURVE

DELTA/ WYE TRANSFORMER
2-1-1 Fault Current
• • A phase-phase fault at
Turns Ratio the sec side produces a

:1
A a
2-1-1 distribution on
0.5 Iline the prim side
B b
Iline
C c
0.866 If3p
0.5 Iline
Overcurrent Protection
Delta/Wye Transformer
51 51 IPP
HV LV
• Grade HV relay with respect to

2-1-1 for phase-phase fault 0.4s
• Not only at maximum fault

level 0.866 If3p If3p I
USE OF HIGH SETS
Instantaneous Protection
• Fast clearance of faults

– Ensure good operation factor, If >> Is

• Current setting must be coordinated to prevent
over-tripping
• Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of
transformers
• Used on feeders with auto-reclose, prevent
transient faults becoming permanent
– AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energized
Instantaneous Overcurrent on Transformer
Feeders
• Set HV inst 130% IfLV

R R R • Stable for inrush
HV2 HV1 LV
HV2
• No operation for LV fault
HV1 • Fast operation for HV
LV
Time
Fault
• Reduces operate time
required for upstream
relays
If(LV) Current
If(HV)
1.3 If(LV)
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Earth Fault Protection
• Earth fault current may be limited

• Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be

met by overcurrent relays
– Use dedicated EF protection relays
• Connect to measure residual (zero sequence)
current
– Can be set to values less than full load current
• Coordinate as for OC elements
– Not possible to coordinated with fuses
Earth Fault Relay Connection
3-Wire System
Combined with OC Relays Economize using 2 OC Relays

Earth Fault Relay Connection
4-Wire System
Earthfault relay setting must Independent of neutral current but

be greater than normal neutral must use 3 OC relays for phase to
current neutral faults
Earth Fault Relays Current Setting
Solid earth Resistance earth

• 30% IFULL LOAD • Setting wrt to earth
fault level
RECOMMENDED METHODOLOGY FOR OVERCURRENT
RELAY SETTING AND COORDINATION
Typical Single Line Diagram
BUS 2
BUS
1 X
R+jX
A
230/69kV
S
BUS BUS BUS

jX 3 4 5
Y R+jX
R+jX R+jX
B
Pick-up Setting (51P/51N)
PHASE: I>S= 1.25 – 2 x BUS

BUS
RATED CURRENT 2
1 R+jX
X
NEUTRAL: IE>S= 30% RATED
CURRENT
51-X
A
230/6 51-S PHASE: I>X= 75 - 120% OF THE LINE
9kV
S AMPACITY (SHOULD BE LESS THAN AVAILABLE
SHORT CIRCUIT AT BUS 2)
BUS BUS BUS
jX 3 4 5
Y R+jX R+jX R+jX
B
51-P
51-Y
PHASE I>P= 1.5 – 2 x RATED CURRENT
PHASE: I>Y= 75 - 120% OF THE LINE
NEUTRAL IE>P= 30% RATED CURRENT AMPACITY (SHOULD BE LESS THAN AVAILABLE
SHORT CIRCUIT AT BUS 5)
NEUTRAL: I>X & I>Y= 20 – 30% PHASE PICK-UP
Pick-up Setting (50P/50N)
BUS
BUS
2
1 R+jX
PHASE: I>>S= DISABLE X
NEUTRAL: IE>>S= DISABLE
50-X
A
230/6 50-S PHASE: I>>X = 1.2 – 1.3 x 3Ø FAULT @ BUS 2
9kV
NEUTRAL: I>>X = 1.2 – 1.3 x 1L-G FAULT @ BUS 2
S
BUS BUS BUS

jX 3 4 5
Y R+jX R+jX R+jX
B
50-P
50-Y
PHASE I>>P= 1.2 – 1.3 x 3Ø
FAULT AT BUS 1 OR 8 x PHASE: I>>Y= 1.2 – 1.3 x 3Ø FAULT AT
XFORMER RATED CURRENT NEAREST BUS (BUS 3)
NEUTRAL IE>>P= 1.7 x 1LG NEUTRAL: I>>Y= 1.2 – 1.3 x 1L-G FAULT AT
FAULT AT BUS 1 NEAREST BUS (BUS 3)
Relay Coordination
PHASE: tS= 0.3 s for 3Ø BUS

BUS
FAULT @ BUS 1 GROUND: 2
1 R+jX
tES = 0.3 s for 1LG FAULT @ X
BUS 1 CURVE: IEC SI
51-X PHASE: tx = 0.4 s for 3Ø FAULT @ FARTHEST
A
230/6 51-S BUS (BUS 2)
9kV GROUND: tEx = 0.4 s for 1LG FAULT BUS 2
S CURVE: IEC SI
BUS BUS BUS

jX 3 4 5
Y R+jX R+jX R+jX
B
51-P
51-Y
PHASE: tP= 0.4 s for 3Ø FAULT
at BUS 1 GROUND: tP= PHASE: tY= 0.4 s for 3Ø FAULT @ FARTHEST
0.75 s for L-G FAULT at BUS 1 BUS (BUS 5) GROUND:
CURVE: IEC SI tEY= 0.4 s for 1LG FAULT @ BUS 5 CURVE: IEC
SI
CHECKLIST FOR COORDINATION OF
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Checklist for Coordination of Overcurrent
Protection
1. Gather the following data

a. Updated Single Line Diagram (SLD)
b. CT Ratio (Available Primary/ Secondary Current)
c. Rated load current, inrush and available fault level
d. Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) curves
e. Circuit Breaker Data
Protection
2. Select a common base to be used in the log-log

paper/ chart
a. Use one voltage base
b. Refer current values to the chosen voltage base
Protection
3. Plot characteristic curve of equipment to be

protected (i.e. inrush, starting, damage curve)
4. Plot the TCCs of devices being coordinated
– Select settings or ratings based on principles of
coordination
5. Draw the SLD & label the devices

2.0 Non-Directional OC Protection - Final

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NON-DIRECTIONAL

• Overcurrent Protection Concepts &

• Operating time is independent of current

• The characteristic is a function of both time and current

• Current setting via plug bridge

• Multiple characteristics and stages

Typical Inverse-Time Induction Disc Relay

Typical Plunger Relay

Typical electromechanical clapper or telephone relay

• Relay closest to fault must

When performing coordination study the

IEC Standard: ANSI/IEEE Standard:

Long Time Inverse

Where: TMS = Time Multiplier Setting and M = Multiple of current setting

• Relay operating times can be

• Set just above full load current

• Ensure that if upstream relay has started,

• Set upstream relay current setting greater than

• Operating time difference between two devices to

– Allowance for errors

Calculate using formula

• Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure

• Tr+(Er + ECT) Tr/100 + tCB + tS = Ef x Tf

• Used to adjust the

• Use log/log graph with the ‘y’ axis scaled in

seconds and ‘x’ axis in “multiple of current

• Grade Relay A with Relay B

SEE COORDINATION CURVE

Turns Ratio the sec side produces a

• Grade HV relay with respect to

• Not only at maximum fault

• Fast clearance of faults

– Ensure good operation factor, If >> Is

• Set HV inst 130% IfLV

• Earth fault current may be limited

• Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be

Combined with OC Relays Economize using 2 OC Relays

Earthfault relay setting must Independent of neutral current but

Solid earth Resistance earth

BUS BUS BUS

PHASE: I>S= 1.25 – 2 x BUS

BUS BUS BUS

PHASE: tS= 0.3 s for 3Ø BUS

BUS BUS BUS

1. Gather the following data

2. Select a common base to be used in the log-log

3. Plot characteristic curve of equipment to be

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