Competencies:

• The learner identifies examples

of academic texts
• The learner determines the
structure of academic texts.
• The student identifies the
characteristics of well-written
texts.
 TYPES AND
STRUCTURE
OF ACADEMIC
TEXTS
A. Complete the chart below by providing the
necessary information.
Type of Academic Text Characteristics Examples

B. Enumerate the FEATURES of an Academic Text

C. Explain the IMRAD structure of Academic Texts

 TYPES OF ACADEMIC
TEXTS
• different types are meant for
different purposes
• types are written in different
ways
• These are used and referred
to in different ways
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
1. ARTICLES
• Means of publishing results of
research or development to the
community
• Claim, prove, argue, imply
• Aim at impact on the academic
community: Offer concepts,
methods for others to use
• Main type of academic writing
1. ARTICLES
• a type of academic text that
offers results of research and
development that can either
impact the academic community
or provide relevance to nation-
building.
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
2. CONFERENCE PAPERS
• These are papers presented in
scholastic conferences, and may
be revised as articles for possible
publication in scholarly journals.
• Edited further for journal
publication, taking advantage
of feedback from peers
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
3. PROPOSALS
• Propose a research or development
project
• Set premises, starting points, brands
and concepts
• Establish partnership and consortium
• Frame resources: human, technology,
facilities, budget
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
4. REVIEWS
• These provide evaluation or reviews of
works published in scholarly journals.
(user review, consumer review, expert
review, book review, movie review,
performance review, etc)
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
4. REPORTS (Scientific/ Technical
Reports)
Statements of:
• Work in progress
• Final results and outcomes
• Validated and approved results
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
5. MONOGRAPHS
• Master theses
• Doctoral theses
• Senior contributions
• Course books
- These are personal researches
written by a candidate for a
college or university degree.
 FEATURES OF
ACADEMIC TEXTS
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
1. It is a PROCESS.

A. POSING A QUESTION
B. PROBLEMATIZING A
CONCEPT
C. EVALUATING AN OPINION
D. ANSWERING THE QUESTION
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
2. It has a SPECIFIC
PURPOSE.
a. to inform
b. to argue a specific
question
c. to persuade
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
3. It addresses a SPECIFIC
AUDIENCE.
A. an audience who is
knowledgeable about the topic
B. a writer who
demonstrates thorough
understanding of the subject
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
4. It is THINKING (you cannot
just write anything that comes
into your mind)
• writer must abide by the set
of rules and practices in
writing
• language must be
appropriate and formal but
not too pretentious
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
5. It is RESEARCH-BASED
• knowledge and background of
audience must be pondered
• statements must be backed up
with a strong and valid evidence
• requires deliberate, thorough,
and careful thought and that is
why it involves research
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
• writer is not just expected to
inform or to persuade but also
expected to engage readers in a
conversations by giving them
clear ideas and points to
evaluate and question.
• Make sure that the writer’s
purpose is clear.
FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT
• Language, style and tone are
appropriate to convey your
purpose to your target readers
• It has certain requirements and
standards.
• it goes hand in hand with
critical thinking.
KEY CONCEPTS:
QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITNG
• FOCUS - An academic text should have a
single clear central idea. Each paragraph
should have a clear main point or topic
sentence.
• DEVELOPMENT- Each paragraph should
support or expand the central idea of the
paper. The idea of each paragraph should be
explained and illustrated through examples,
details, and descriptions.
KEY CONCEPTS:
QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITNG
• UNITY -Every paragraph in an the text
should be related to the main idea. Each
paragraph should stick to its main point.
• COHERENCE- It should be organized
logically, flow smoothly, and "stick" together.
In other words, everything in the writing
should make sense to a reader.
KEY CONCEPTS:
QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITING

• CORRECTNESS- A paper should be written

in generally correct standard English, with
complete sentences, and be relatively error-
free.
KEY CONCEPTS:
SRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
o Structure is an important feature of academic
writing.
o A well-structured text enables the reader to
follow the argument and navigate the text.
o In academic writing a clear structure and a
logical flow are imperative to a cohesive text.
KEY CONCEPTS:
SRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
o Two common structures used in academic
writing are the three-part structure and the
IMRaD structure
o The three-part essay structure is a basic structure
that consists of introduction, body and
conclusion. The introduction and the conclusion
should be shorter than the body of the text.
KEY CONCEPTS: The Three-Part Structure
INTRODUCTION
 Describe how you will fulfill the aim
 Provide a thesis statement or research question
 Suggest what your findings are
 Explain why your topic is interesting, necessary
or important
 Give the reader a guide to the text
 Catch your reader’s interest
 The statements you make in the introduction
are to be developed in the body of the text and
returned to in the conclusion.
KEY CONCEPTS:
BODY
• This is the main section of your text
and it should also be the longest.
• Depending on the length of the text, the
body may be divided into subsections.
• If your text is divided into subsections,
remember to briefly introduce each
section.
• For longer works you may also need to
conclude sections.
KEY CONCEPTS: BODY
• The body of the text is where you as a
writer and researcher are the most active.
It is the most substantial part of the text;
this is where the research or findings are
presented, discussed and analyzed.
• This is also where you present your
arguments that support your thesis or
answer your question. The structure and
contents of this main part may differ
depending on your discipline.
KEY CONCEPTS: CONCLUSION
A conclusion is not merely a
summary of your points or a re-
statement of your thesis.
If you wish to summarize—and
often you must—do so in fresh
language.
Remind the reader of how the
evidence you’ve presented has
contributed to your thesis.
KEY CONCEPTS:
CONCLUSION
 The conclusion, like much of the rest of the
paper, involves critical thinking.
 Reflect upon the significance of what you’ve
written.
 Try to convey some closing thoughts about
the larger implications of your argument.
 Broaden your focus a bit at the end of the text.
 A good last sentence leaves your reader with
something to think about.
KEY CONCEPTS: The IMRaD Structure
The sections of the IMRaD structure are
Introduction,
Methods,
Results
and
Discussion.
KEY CONCEPTS: The IMRaD Structure
The sections of the IMRaD structure are
Introduction,
Methods,
Results
and
Discussion.
KEY CONCEPTS:
INTRODUCTION
 Describe how you will fulfill the aim
 Provide a thesis statement or research question
 Suggest what your findings are
 Explain why your topic is interesting, necessary
or important
 Give the reader a guide to the text
 Catch your reader’s interest
 The statements you make in the introduction
are to be developed in the body of the text and
returned to in the conclusion.
KEY CONCEPTS:
METHOD
In this section you describe how you have
conducted your study.
This is where you present your material
and your research as well as any previous
research and background material.
You describe what method or methods you
have used and how you have come up with
your results.
You may also explain why you have chosen
a particular method.
KEY CONCEPTS:
METHOD
describes actions to be taken to
investigate a research problem and the
rationale for the application of specific
procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze
information applied to understanding
the problem, thereby, allowing the
reader to critically evaluate a study’s
overall validity and reliability.
KEY CONCEPTS:
METHOD
The methodology section of a
research paper answers two main
questions:
How was the data collected or
generated? And, how was it analyzed?
The writing should be direct and
precise and always written in the past
tense.
KEY CONCEPTS:
RESULTS
In this section you report the results of
your research.
Usually the results are not discussed or
analyzed in this section but you may have
to explain some of your findings to avoid
misunderstandings.
Use of graphs, tables, charts
KEY CONCEPTS:
RESULTS
In this section you report the results of
your research.
Usually the results are not discussed or
analyzed in this section but you may have
to explain some of your findings to avoid
misunderstandings.
Use of graphs, tables,charts
KEY CONCEPTS:
DISCUSSION
The discussion is the section where
you as a writer are the most active and
it should be the most substantial
section of the entire paper.
You should interpret, analyze and
discuss your results as well as
compare and contrast them to
previous works.
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Research for an example of an academic text.
Print it out and paste it on your notebook.
Identify the following:
A. TITLE:
B. PURPOSE:
C. STRUCTURE:
D. MAIN POINTS:
E. PERSONAL INSIGHTS: