Stainless steel

synopsis

 Wrought metal alloy

 Iron carbon system
 Stainless steel
 Types of ss
 composition
 Mechanical properties
 Chemical properties
 Corrosion
 Orthodontic application
Wrought metal alloy

 A metal that has been plastically deformed to alter the shape of the structure and certain mechanical
properties

Types

• Stainless steel
• Cobalt-chromium-nickel
• Nickel-titanium
• Beta titanium
iron carbon system BINARY ALLOY
Ferrite 723c Above this
temperature solid Solid state eutectoid
solution of transformation led to
austenite is formed pearlite
• When austenite is quenched it forms martensite

• And considered the hardest phase of the iron carbon system

 12-30% OF CHROMIUM IS
Stainless steel ADDED THIS ALLOY IS
CALLED STAINLESS STEEL
History

 Begg began to use round stainless steel wires and, early in the 1940s, he partnered with
Wilcox to make a different type of stainless steel wire: Australian stainless steel.
However, stainless steel was not completely accepted until a few decades later.
 Archie Brusse (founder of Rocky Mountain Metal Products) presented a table clinic on
the first complete stainless steel system at the American Society of Orthodontics by 1933.
 By 1950, the 300 series type were used for most orthodontic materials
Types of stainless steel

 Ferritic stainless steel

 Martensitic stainless steel
 Austenitic stainless steel – type 18-8
 Duplex stainless steel
 Super stainless steel
Basics

 Elastic modulus – defined as relative stiffness of material

 Plastic strain or elastic strain- amount of stress that produces to permant deformation
 Proportion limit- a point until which stress is directly proportion to strain
 Elastic limit – max stress to which a material can be subjected so that it begins to plastic
deformation
 Resilliance- the energy absorbed by the material until proportional limit
 Tensile stress

Crompressive
stress
stress

Shear stress

flexlural
Mechanical properties of austenitic ss

 Elastic modulus – 179 Gpa

 Yield strength – 1.6 Gpa
 Tensile strength – 2.1 Gpa
 Number of cold bends without fracture – 5
 Spring back ability – 0.0060-0.0094
 Annealing

recovery

recrystallization

Grain growth
Passivation
Stress relief heat treatment
 A increase in the elastic properties of ss wire
can be obtained by heating it to temperature
b/w 400c to 500c for 5 to 12 sec after been
cold worked
Sensitization
 When ss is heated to 400c to 900c Cr carbide
precipitates to form at the grain boundaries
and depletes the bulk Cr level below that
needed for corrosion protection, which results
in susceptibility to intergranular corrosion
stabilization

 Elements such as titanium and tantalum which preferentially from carbide can be added to
ss to preserve the level of chromium when the alloy is exposed to high temperature
 Pitting and crevice corrosion- It is formed on the surface since wires and brackets
are not perfectly smooth. Pits and crevices may harbor plaque-forming
microorganisms. Crevice corrosion may also occur in removable appliances when
wires or components of expansion screws enter the acrylic.

Galvanic corrosion- This type occurs when two metals are placed
corrosion together in an electrolyte, such as wires and brackets made of
different alloys in the oral cavity

Intergranular corrosion- stainless steel is particularly

susceptible to this form of corrosion during brazing and
welding

Fretting corrosion- It takes place in areas of metal contact that

are subject to load, as the archwire/bracket-slot interface
 Corrosion fatigue-This type of corrosion occurs when metals are subject to
cyclic stresses. The phenomenon is accelerated if the alloy is in a corrosive
corrosion medium, for instance, when archwires are left in the oral cavity for long
periods under load.

Microbiologically-influenced corrosion- It may occur due to the

fact that microorganisms and their by-products can affect metals in
two ways: first, some species absorb and metabolize metal from
alloys, which leads to corrosion. Second, they can alter
environmental conditions
Prevention of corrosion

 the application of ceramic coatings to orthodontic stainless steel wires , the use of silver-
platinum coatings [82], or the coating of orthodontic brackets with
polytetrafluoroethylene
 Different techniques have been proposed to coat orthodontic appliances. These processes
may be divided into thermal and chemical procedures. Thermal procedures include
Thermal Phase Separation (tps) and Vapor Deposition (vd). Chemical processes may be
classified in electrodeposition, electrophoresis, and sol-gel
Soldering

 Ss is soldered by using silver solders

 The flux should have fluorides to dissolve the passivating surface filmed formed by Cr
 Gas air flame is used to minimize annealing of the metal
 Reducing zone of the flame is used for soldering
Welding

 No flux is employed
 Band and brackets are spot welded
 The garin structure of the surrounding metal is not affected but stress exsist at the
interface of the metals
 The strength of the joint decreases with recrystallization of the adjacent wrought structure
 BRACKETS
Orthodontic ARCH WIRES ADA NO-32

application REMOVABLE APPLIANCE

Brackets

 AISI NO 302 , NO 304 is mainly used for fabrication brackets , arch wire , lingual
chelates
 Arch wires

 Australian orthodontic arch-wires:-

 Arthur J. Wilcock of Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia originally developed orthodontic arch wire to meet  Dr.
Begg’s needs for use in Begg technique.
 This wire is austenitic stainless steel round, that has been heat treated and cold drawn , in order to give it the
required property of resiliency, toughness  and tensile strength.
 Available in variety of diameter sizes, grades of resiliency, coiled/ in straight lengths. Straight lengths are not
considered to be as resilient as the coiled wire due to the straightening process.
 It is an ultra high tensile austenitic stainless steel arch wire.
 The wire is resilient, ( energy storage capacity is good ) certain bends when incorporated into the arch form and
pinned to the teeth become activated.
 The wire has a unique property of zero stress relaxation. Zero relaxation allows the wire to maintain its force
over a long period of time
 depending on the resiliency,hardness the wire have been graded and color coded for the use .
• Regular grade  (pink labeled):-
Lowest grade and easiest to bend used for practice
bending/ forming auxiliaries.
• Regular plus grade ( green label )
Relatively easy to form yet more resilient than regular
grade used for auxillaries when more pressure and
resistance to deformation is required.
• Special grade ( black label )
Highly resilient yet can be formed into intricate shapes
with little danger of breakage used as starting arches
mostly.
• Special plus grade ( orange label )
Hardness and resiliency of the wire are excellent for
maintaining anchorage and reducing deep overbite must
be bent with caution.
• Extra special plus grade ( blue label ):
Highly resilient and hard, difficult to bend and subjected
to fracture.
Supreme and supreme Premium and premium
pluse straigthend plus wire
was produced by A.J.Wilcook. This wire • With the demand from the orthodontic
is available in 0.008”, 0.009”, 0.010” faculty for harder and harder wires,
and 0.011”. even higher grades, premium and
premium plus wires were developed
• This are more resilient than the other
types of AJ Wilcookwires
• They are being used as base arch
wires. The combination of these two
wires reduces the complication in third
stage of Begg’s mehcanotherapy.
Premium plus
straigthend
• The wire is pulsed in a special machine
which permits high tensile wires to be
straightened and also of lower diameter
than possible with earlier with spinner
process. The yield strength is not altered
and the surface has a smoother finish and
resultant lower friction, without structural
deformation and altering the physical
properties.
• Because of their ability to generate
continuous low forces the supreme wires
are routinely being used for making
Torquing auxiliaries, and up-righting
springs
 Round cross section

Other types of arch wire Rectangular cross section

coaxial

Twisted
 19 gauge wire diameter
1.2mm
Stainless steel wire used for fabrication
of removable appliance 21 gauge wire , diameter
0.7mm

23 gauge wire, diameter

0.5mm