Life and Works

of

Dr. Jose P. Rizal

 THE STUDY OF RIZAL IN
HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL
APPROACH
JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO
Y ALONZO REALONDA

• The Founder of Philippine

Nationalism

• The Greatest Hero of the Malayan

Race

• He was a polymath, nationalist, &

the most prominent advocate for
reforms in the Philippines.
 REPUBLIC ACT 1425
“THE RIZAL’S LAW”
• An act to include in the curricula of all public and private
schools, colleges, and universities courses on the life, works,
and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels, Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
distribution thereof, and for purposes.
• Senate Bill 448 hopes to give people knowledge about the
oppression suffered by the Filipinos during the Spanish era.
• for Filipinos to understand themselves and their country better
and realize the greatness of Rizal.
JOSE P. LAUREL

JOSE P. LAUREL – the sponsor of the said law.

• “ Rizal was the founder of he Filipino

nationality. He was the architect of the
Filipino nation. I dare to say that we cannot
know him without knowing and imbibing the
great principles and ideals for which he stood and
died. Rizal believed as we should that we teach
the young men and the young women, the boys
and girls in all school that virtue is the only
foundation of national greatness.”
CLARO M. RECTO

CLARO M. RECTO – the author or main

proponent of the law.

• Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo argued that it

will be a violation of religious freedom.

• It was enacted and signed on June 12,

1956 which coincides the Philippine
Independence Day.
 THREE MAIN GOALS OF RIZAL’S
LAW
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived
and died.

2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his

life and works in shaping the Filipino character.

3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the

study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings.
JOSE RIZAL’S GENEALOGY
 CHINESE ANCESTRY
(Domingo Lam-Co)
• Rizal’s paternal ancestor, Lam-Co, was a native of the Chinchew
district in China.

• He was baptized in the Parian Church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in

June 1697.

• Siang-co and Zun-nio was the name of his parents.

• Lam Co took the name Domingo, the Spanish term for Sunday.

• He was married to Inez dela Rosa, who was half of his age.
MERCADO CLAN

DOMINGO LAM-CO
• Rizal’s great-great-grandfather

• A Chinese immigrant from

Chiangchow

• Arrived in Manila in about 1690

• Was baptized, married Ines dela Rosa

• Took the surname “Mercado” in

1731
PATERNAL SIDE

Francisco Mercado

• Son of Domingo and Ines

• Rizal’s great-grandfather

• Married Cirila Bernacha

• Resided in Biñan, Laguna

• Was elected gobernadorcillo of

Biñan
RIZAL’S FAMILY
FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL

• Youngest son of Juan and Cirila

• Rizal’s father
• Lost his father at the age of 8
• Married Teodora
• Settled in Calamba, Laguna
• Died on January 5, 1898 at the age
of 80
• Born on May 11, 1818
• Studied Latin and Philosophy at the
College of San Jose
• Became a tenant in Calamba
TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA
•Rizal’s mother

•Born on November 8, 1826

•Studied at the College of Santa Rosa

•Died on August 16, 1911 at the age of 84

•One of the most highly educated women in the

Philippines.

•A gifted woman with insights into literature, arts,

music, and other forms of Philippine culture.

•A fine mathematician, gourmet cook, interior

decorator, and collector of fine books.
THE SIBLINGS
Saturnina (1850 – 1913) “Neneng”
• Eldest of the Rizal
children and married to
Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo
of Tanauan, Batangas.

• Have 5 children.

• She published Pascual H.

Poblete’s translation of the
Noli Me Tangere
Paciano (1851 – 1930)
• 79 years old and was the oldest
boy in the family.

• He joined the revolutionary

army and rose to the rank of
Major General.

• He learned English through self-

study and his favorite periodical
was Philippine free Press.

• He was with Severina Decena

Narcisa (1852 – 1939)
“Sisa”

• Married to Antonio Lopez, a

schoolmaster from Morong.

• It is said that Sisa could recite

from memory all the poems of
Rizal.

• Her son Leoncio, a physician

and professor at the College of
Medicine, UST.
Olympia (1855 – 1887)
“Ypia”
• Married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator in Manila.

• Died in 1887 from childbirth

• Her son Aristeo, a retired

physician and professor at the
Philippine General Hospital
and the College of Medicine,
UP.
Lucia (1857 – 1919)

• Married to Mariano Herbosa of

Calamba, a farmer and nephew of
Fr. Pedro Casanas.

• Mariano died of cholera in 1889

and was denied a Christian burial,
because he was a brother-in-law of
Jose Rizal.

• One of the daughter Delfina who

helped Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo
make the first Filipino flag in
Hongkong.
Maria (1859 – 1945) “Biang”

• Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of

Binan, Laguna.

• Mauricio was one of the children

of Maria and Faustino who killed
by the Japanese in 1945.

• Gemma Cruz, the first Filipina to

bring home an international
beauty title is a descendant
family of Rizal.
Jose (1861 – 1896)
“Pepe”

• Second son and seventh child.

• He became the national hero.

• He married to Josephine
Bracken, a pretty Irish from
Hongkong.
Josefa (1865 – 1945)
“Panggoy”

• Epileptic

• Died a spinster
Trinidad (1868 – 1951)
“Trining”

• She did not marry.

• The last of the family

died at the age of 83.
Soledad (1870 – 1929)
“Choleng”

• She married to Pantaleon

Quintero of Calamba.

• She studied at La Concordia

College where she and Leonor
Rivera were classmates.

• One of the five children of

Soledad and Pantaleon is Amelia,
married to Bernabe Malvar, son of
General Miguel Malvar
 JOSE RIZAL’S EARLY
CHILDHOOD

“ I used to win in the competitions, for nobody happened to be better than I. Of these successes I made
the most. In spite of the reputation I had of being a good boy, rare were the days when the teacher did
not call me up to receive five or six blows on the hand….. How it hurts!”
 Rizal’s Early Childhood Memories
• The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family
garden.
• Because he was frail, sickly, and undersized child, he was given the most
tender care by his parents.
• His father built a nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime.
• Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer.
• By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the
house to pray the Angelus.
• With nostalgic feeling, he also remembered the happy moonlit nights at
the azotea after the rosary.
• The aya related stories to Rizal children many stories about fairies; tales of
buried treasure and trees with blooming diamonds, and other fabulous
stories
 Rizal’s Early Childhood Memories

• Sometimes, when he did not like to take his supper, the aya
would treaten him that the aswang, the nuno, the tigbalang, or
a terrible bearded Bombay would come to take him away if he
would not eat his supper.
• Another memory of his infancy was the nocturnal walk in the
town, especially when there was a moon.
• Recounting this childhood experience, Rizal wrote:
“Thus my heart fed on sombre and melancholy thoughts so
that even still a child, I already wandered on wings of fantasy in
the high regions of the unknown.”
 The Hero’s First Sorrow
• The Rizal children were bound together by the ties of love and
companionship. Their parents taught them to love one another, to behave
properly in front of elders, to be truthful and religious, and to help one
another.

• They affectionately called their father Tatay, and mother Nanay.

• Jose was jokingly called Ute by his brother and sisters. The people in
Calamba knew him as Pepe or Pepito.

• Of his sisters, Jose loved most little Concha (Concepcion). He was one year
older than Concha. He played with her, and from her, he learned the
sweetness of brotherly love. Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness in 1865
when he was 3 years old

• Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly to lose her.
 First Education from Mother

• Jose’s first teacher was his mother.

• At the age of 3, Jose learned the alphabet and prayers from

her.

• Seeing Rizal had a talent for poetry, she encouraged him to

write poems. She gave her all her love and all that she learned
in college.
The Story of the Moth

• Of the story told by Dona

Teodora to Jose, it was that of
the young moth made the
profoundest impression on him.

• The tragic fate of the young

moth, which died a martyr to
its illusions, left a deep impress
on Rizal’s mind.
 Rizal’s Three Uncles
• There were 3 uncles, brothers of his mother, who played a great part in
the early education of Rizal.
• Uncle Gregorio was a lover of books. He instilled into the mind of his
nephew a great love for books. He taught him to work hard, to think for
himself, and to observe life keenly.
• Uncle Jose, who had been educated at Calcutta, India, was the youngest
brother of Dona Teodora. He encouraged his nephew to paint, sketch,
and sculpture.
• Uncle Manuel was a big, strong, and husky man. He looked after the
physical training of his sickly and weak nephew. He encourage Rizal to
learn swimming, fencing, wrestling, and other sports, so that in later
years Rizal’s frail body acquired agility, endurance, and strength.
A Group of Sketches by Rizal
Artistic Talents
• Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talents for the arts.
• He drew sketches and pictures on his books of his sisters, for which
reason he was scolded by his mother. He carved figures of animals and
persons out of wood. Even before he learned to read, he could already
sketch pictures of birds, flowers, fruits, rivers, mountains, animals and
persons.
• Jose had a soul of a genuine artist.
• He loved to ride on a spirited pony ( which his father bought for him)
or take long walks in the meadows for him) or take long walks in the
meadows and lakeshore with his big black dog named Usman.
• In his room, he kept many statuettes which he made out of clay and
wax.
• At one time, his sisters teased him: “Ute, what are you doing with so
many statuettes?” He replied:
“ Don’t you know that people will erect monument and statues in my honor
for the future?”
 Rizal’s Early Writings
• In 1868, before he was eight years old, he wrote a Tagalog drama. This
drama was stages in Calamba in connection with the town fiesta.
• At an early age when children usually begin to learn ABC, he was already
writing poems.
• The first known poem that he wrote was a Tagalog poem entitled Sa Aking
Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children).
• His mother was a strong influence upon his education and helped develop
his early interest in poetry, music, and European literature.
• Readings in Tagalog poetry and daily assignments in Philippine History by
his mother inculcated in him a sense of the Filipino culture.
• Rizal’s deep love for his mother was expressed in the poem “Mother’s
Birthday”
 “Sa Aking mga Kabata”
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
Sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit,
Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapit
Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid.

Pagka't ang salita'y isang kahatulan

Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian,
At ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay
Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.

Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita

Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda,
Kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala.

Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin

Sa Ingles, Kastila at salitang anghel,
Sapagka't ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggawad, nagbigay sa atin.

Ang salita nati'y huwad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
Na kaya nawala'y dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
 “Mother’s Birthday”
Why falls so rich a Why should the Why seems to me more endearing, 
spray  spring that glows  more fair than on other days, 
of fragrance from its crystalline
the dawn's enchanting face 
the bowers  murmur be tuning 
of the balmy to the zephyr's among red clouds appearing? 
flowers  mellow crooning  The reason, dear mother, is 
upon this festive as among the they  feast your day of bloom: 
day?  flowers it flows?  the rose with its perfume, 
Why from woods the bird with its harmonies. 
and vales  And the spring that rings with laughter 
do we hear sweet upon this joyful day 
measures ringing  with its murmur seems to say: 
that seem to be the 'Live happily ever after!' 
singing  And from that spring in the grove 
of a choir of now turn to hear the first note 
nightingales?  that from my lute I emote 
Why in the grass to the impulse of my love.
below 
do birds start at the
wind's noises, 
unleashing their
RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION
• As Jose grew older, his parents employed
private tutors to give him lessons at
home.
• The first was Maestro Celestino and the
second, Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an
old man named Leon Monroy, a former
classmate of Rizal’s father, became the
boy’s tutor. This old teacher lived at the
Rizal home and instructed Jose in Spanish
and Latin. Unfortunately, he did not lived
long. He died five months later.
• After a Monroy’s death, the hero’s parents
decided to send their gifted son to a
private school in Biñan.
 Jose Goes to Biñan
• One Sunday afternoon in June , 1869, Jose, after kissing the hands of his
parents and a tearful parting from his sister, left Calamba for Biñan. He
was accompanied by Paciano , who acted as his second father. 
• They proceeded to their aunt’s house, where Jose was to lodge. It was
almost night when they arrived, and the moon was about to rise.
• That same night, Jose, with his cousin named Leandro, went sightseeing
in the town. Instead of enjoying the sights, Jose became depressed
because of homesickness.
"In the moonlight, I remembered my home town, my idolized mother, and my
solicitous sisters. Ah, how sweet to me was Calamba, my own town, in spite
of the fact that was not as wealthy as Biñan."
 First Day in Biñan School
• The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his younger brother to the
school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.

• Paciano knew the teacher quite well because he had been a pupil under
him before. He introduced Jose to the teacher, after which he departed to
return to Calamba. Immediately, Jose was assigned his seat in the class.
The teacher asked him:

"Do you know Spanish?"

"A little, sir," replied the Calamba lad.
"Do you know Latin?"
"A little, sir."
RIZAL’S EARLY RELIGIOUS
FORMATION
• Young Rizal was a religious boy. A scion of a Catholic clan, born and
bred in a wholesome atmosphere of Catholicism, and possessed of an
inborn spirit, Rizal grew up a good Catholic
• At the age of 3, he began to take part in the family prayers. When he
was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the family bible.
• He loved to go to church to pray, to take part in novenas, and to join
the religious processions. It is said that he was so seriously devout that
he was laughingly called Manong Jose by the Hermanos and Hermanas
Terceras.
• One of the men he esteemed and respected in Calamba during his
boyhood was the scholarly Father Leoncio Lopez, the town priest.
• On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left for Calamba to go on a
pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was
made when Rizal was born.
RIZAL’S EARLY RELIGIOUS FORMATION

• It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de

Bay and his pilgrimage to Antipolo.

• He was thrilled, as a typical boy should, by his

first lake voyage. He did not sleep the whole
night as the casco sailed towards the Pasig
River because he was awed by “ the
magnificence of the watery expanse and the
silence of the night.

• After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of

Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila.
 Influences on Hero’s
Boyhood
• In the lives of all men there are influences
which cause some to be great and others not.
In the case of Rizal, he had all favorable
influences, which no other child in our
country enjoyed.
 Hereditary Influence

• According to biological science there are inherent qualities

which a person inherits from ancestors and parents.

• From Malayan ancestors, Rizal evidently, inherited his love

for freedom, his innate desire to travel and his indomitable
courage.

• From Chinese ancestors he derived his serious nature,

frugality, patience and love for children.
 Jose Rizal’s
Formative Years

“ Hold high the brow serene,

O youth, where now you stand;
Let the bright sheen
Of your grace be seen,
Fair hope of my fatherland!”
TRAGEDIES OF RIZAL LIFE
• The boy was now eleven years old.
• His brother Paciano was studying
in the Colegio de San Jose under
his famous teacher Fr. Jose Burgos.
• Rizal found Paciano distracted over
the execution of the beloved Fr.
Burgos, who was convicted in
inciting mutiny, an insurrection or
uprising against civil, legal, and
political authority.
 TRAGEDIES OF RIZAL LIFE

• His mother was thrown into prison, accused a crime of

which she was wholly incapable of doing that
everybody knew it was pure fabrication.
 RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO
 
FATHER MAGIN FERRANDO (college registrar) - refused to admit Jose Rizal
because ;
• He was late for registration
• He was sickly and undersized for his age

MANUEL XEREZ BURGOS – nephew of Father Burgos; Rizal was admitted to

Ateneo because of him

RIZAL - surname used by Jose Rizal because Mercado became under suspicion by the
Spanish authorities.

MERCADO – surname used by Paciano

TITAY – owner of the boarding house where Rizal boarded to settle the bill owed by
Titay by about Php 300.00
 JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
 
Reasons why Jesuit System was advance than other college
 
• It trained the character of students by rigid discipline and religious
instruction.

• It promotes physical culture, humanities and scientific studies.

• Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers vocational

course in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and surveying.

• They were given splendid professors.

• They acquired prestige as an excellent college for boys.

 EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO
 
• He was an emperor and a campus leader outside.
• Secretary of the Marian Congregation
• Member of Academy of Spanish Literature
• Member of Academy of Natural Sciences

FATHER JOSE VILLACLARA – advised Rizal to stop

communing with the muses but to pay more attention to
practical studies.
 
Rizal studied painting at AGUSTIN SAEZ and sculpture
under ROMUALDO DE JESUS, a Filipino sculptor.
 SCULPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO
THE VIRGIN MARY - he carved an image with Batikuling (Phil.
Hardwood) with his pocket knife
FATHER LLEONART – requested Rizal to carved an image of SACRED
HEART OF JESUS
 
POEMS MADE BY RIZAL IN ATENEO
Doña Teodora was the first one to discover Rizal’s poetical talent while Fr.
Sanchez helped Rizal to develop his talent.
Poems made by Rizal:
•  Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) - dedicated to Rizal’s mother
• Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light
• The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good Education
• To the Child
• To the Virgin Mary
RIZAL’S EARLY WRITINGS IN
EDUCATION
 To the Philippine Youth
Unfold, oh timid See that in the ardent zone,
flower!  The Spaniard, where shadows stand,
Doth offer a shining crown,
Lift up your radiant With wise and merciful hand
brow, To the son of this Indian land.
This day, Youth of my
native strand! 
Your abounding You, who heavenward rise
talents show On wings of your rich fantasy,
Resplendently and Seek in the Olympian skies
grand, The tenderest poesy,
Fair hope of my More sweet than divine honey;
Motherland! 

Soar high, oh genius

great,
And with noble
thoughts fill their
mind;
The honor's glorious
seat,
May their virgin
mind fly and find
More rapidly than
the wind.
 Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light

The vital breath of Where Education reigns on lofty seat

prudent Education Youth blossoms forth with vigor and agility;
Instills a virtue of He error subjugates with solid feet,
enchanting power; And is exalted by conceptions of nobility.
She lifts the She breaks the neck of vice and its deceit;
motherland to highest
Black crime turns pale at Her hostility;
station
And endless dazzling The barbarous nations She knows how to tame,
glories on her shower. From savages creates heroic fame.
And as the zephyr's
gentle exhalation And as the spring doth sustenance bestow
Revives the matrix of On all the plants, on bushes in the mead,
the fragrant flower, Its placid plenty goes to overflow
So education And endlessly with lavish love to feed
multiplies her gifts of The banks by which it wanders, gliding slow,
grace; Supplying beauteous nature's every need;
With prudent hand So he who prudent Education doth procure
imparts them to the The towering heights of honor will secure.
human race.

For her a mortal-man

will gladly part
With all he has; will
give his calm repose;
For her are born all
 Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light

From out his lips the On sapphires shall his service be engraved,
water, crystal pure, A thousand honors to him by his land be granted:
Of perfect virtue shall not For in their bosoms will his noble sons have saved
cease to go. Luxuriant flowers his virtue had transplanted:
With careful doctrines of And by the love of goodness ever lived,
his faith made sure, The lords and governors will see implanted
The powers of evil he will
To endless days, the Christian Education,
overthrow,
Within their noble, faith-enrapture nation.
Like foaming waves that
never long endure,
But perish on the shore at
every blow; And as in early morning we behold
And from his good The ruby sun pour forth resplendent rays;
example other men shall And lovely dawn her scarlet and her gold,
learn Her brilliant colors all about her sprays;
Their upward steps So skillful noble Teaching doth unfold
toward the heavenly To living minds the joy of virtuous ways.
paths to turn. She offers our dear motherland the light
That leads us to immortal glory's height.
Within the breast of
wretched humankind
She lights the living flame
of goodness bright;
The hands of fiercest
criminal doth bind;
And in those breasts will
surely pour delight
 To the Virgin Mary
Mary, sweet peace and dearest consolation
of suffering mortal: you are the fount whence springs
the current of solicitude that brings
unto our soil unceasing fecundation.
From your abode, enthroned on heaven’s height,
in mercy deign to hear my cry of woe
and to the radiance of your mantle draw
my voice that rises with so swift a flight.
You are my mother, Mary, and shall be
my life, my stronghold, my defense most thorough;
and you shall be my guide on this wild sea.
If vice pursues me madly on the morrow,
if death harasses me with agony:
come to my aid and dissipate my sorrow!
TO THE CHILD JESUS

Why have you come to earth,

Child-God, in a poor manger?
Does Fortune find you a stranger
from the moment of your birth?

Alas, of heavenly stock

now turned an earthly resident!
Do you not wish to be president
but the shepherd of your flock?
 Jose Rizal at the
UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS
(1877-1882)
 Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

• Her Reason: If Rizal gets to learn more, the Spaniards will cut
off his head.

• In contrary, Paciano and Don Francisco wanted Rizal to

pursue College Education.

• Take note:
• The Bachelor of Arts degree during Spanish times was
equivalent to a high school diploma today.
 Enrollment at UST

• Philosophy and Letters during his freshman

year. (1877-1878)
• Why Philosophy & Letters?
1.) Don Francisco liked it.
2.) Uncertainty on what course to take up.
3.) Failure to solicit the advice of Father Ramon
Pablo, Ateneo’s Rector, who was then at
Mindanao.
 Other Extra-curricular Activities
• Literary contests:
• Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila
– A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
– El Consej de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)

• Wrote one-act play:

» Junto al Pasig
– Poems:
» Abd el-Aziz y Mohama
» Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon
 Medical Studies at UST
• Shifting from PHL & Letters to Medicine.

Why did Rizal Shift to Medical course?

1.) Don Pablo Ramon, Ateneo Rector, advised
him to choose medicine.
2.) Rizal wanted to cure his mother’s growing
blindness.
 Reasons Why Rizal didn’t enjoy his stay at UST:

• Hostility of Dominican Professors to him.

• Racial discrimination against Filipino
students.
• Dissatisfaction with the method of instruction.
Reasons why Rizal performed poorly at UST:
• Medicine is not his vocation.
• Discontentment with the system of education.
• Distractions of youth.
 Romances

Segunda Katigbak - Rizal’s puppy love

• Batangas

Miss L – fair with seductive and

attractive eyes
• Calamba
 Leonor Valenzuela – Orang
• Pagsanjan, Laguna
• Parents: Capitan Juan and Capitana
• Sanday Valenzuela
• Rizal sent love notes written in invisible ink

Leonor Rivera – a frail, beautiful girl,

tender as a budding flower
with kindly wistful eyes
• Camiling, Tarlac
• April 11, 1867
• Father: Antonio Rivera
• University: La Concordia College
• Taimis
• Vicenta Ybardaloza
• Pagsanjan
• Can play Harp
 Finishing Medicine at UST

• Notable in all of his subjects.

• He was the 2nd best student in a class of seven
who passed the medicine course.
 Decision to Go to Europe

• To complete his medical course in Barcelona, Spain.

• To make a name for himself in the field of
Journalism.
• To observe and study European Society.
• To prepare himself for the task of liberating the
Filipinos from Spanish Tyranny.