LTE Basic Principle V3.0

10/17/2020 Security Level:
LTE Basic Principle

Version 3.0
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Know about the background and network architecture of LTE.
Master the basic principle of LTE physical layer and layer 2.
Know about the key technology of LTE air interface
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Charter 1 LTE Protocol and Network
Architecture Introduction
Charter 2 OFDM Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Charter 4 LTE Key Technology
Introduction

Mobile communication system evolution
1 G (First 2 G (Se co nd 3 G (Third 4 G (Fo urth

Ge ne ratio n) Ge ne ratio n) Ge ne ratio n) Ge ne ratio n)
AMPS GSM UMTS LTE Advanced

Global System for Mobile WCDMA
Advanced Mobile
communications
Telephone System
CDMA One (IS-95) TD-SCDMA
TACS Code Division Multiple
Total Access Access Based on IS-95 UMB
Communications System CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev C
DAMPS （ IS-136)
Digital - Advanced Mobile
ETACS Phone System Based on
Extended Total Access IS-136 WiMAX WiMAX
Communication System 802.16m
Other
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

LTE Background Introduction
 What is LTE ？
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
 The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and
the correlated core network will evolved to SAE (System Architecture Evolution).
 What can LTE do ？

 Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting
1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz
 Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth,FDD):
150Mbps for downlink and 50Mbps for uplink
 Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user
plane)
 Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to
350kmph)
 Support eMBMS(evolved multimedia
broadcast/multicast service)
 Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP
 Lower cost due to simple system structure

3GPP Releases
 3GPP 3G evolution ： LTE and HSPA
 Foresee the first GA(Generic Access) protocol version will be released in the end of 2008. Protocol
36.xxx series are for LTE.
 The first version was planned to finished in September 2007 but has been delayed.
 3GPP Protocol ftp ： http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/
Phase 2+
Release 99 Release 6 Release 8
(Release 97)
GPRS UMTS HSUPA LTE
171.2kbit/s 2Mbit/s 5.76Mbit/s +300Mbit/s
Release 9/10
LTE
Advanced
HSPA+
GSM EDGE HSDPA
28.8Mbit/s
9.6kbit/s 473.6kbit/s 14.4Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Phase 1 Release 99 Release 5 Release 7/8
 Page 6
3GPP Releases
R7: R8 ：
HSPA+ UTRAN
HSPA+ 64 QAM + MIMO (DL)
Dual Cell Operation
64 QAM (DL) UTRAN Less Overhead (UL)
16 QAM (UL) Iub
MIMO Operation (DL) No de B RNC
Power Enhancements (DL) LTE
Less Overhead (DL) Enhanced Techniques UE
Iub Flexible Bandwidth E-UTRAN
Node B RNC Flexible Spectrum Options

High Data Rates
Very Fast Scheduling
Improved Latency
UE e NB
LTE LTE LTE Advanced

Rele ase 8 Rele ase 9 Rele ase 1 0

LTE Network Architecture
 Main Network Element of LTE
 The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane and control plane.
 The EPC consists of MME(Mobility Management Entity), S-GW and P-GW.
 Network Interface of LTE

 The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct
transmission of data and signaling.
 S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to
the S-GW via the S1-U
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW Compare with traditional 3G

network, LTE architecture becomes
much more simple and flat, which can
S1
S1
lead to lower networking cost, higher
X2 E-UTRAN
networking flexibility and shorter
eNB eNB
time delay of user data and control
signaling.
eNB
UMTS LTE
LTE Network Element Function
 e-Node hosts the following functions:  S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following
 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer functions:
Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility  Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for
Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both
handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per UE,
uplink and downlink (scheduling);
 IP header compression and encryption of user data PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity for
RRC: Radio Resource Control
stream; inter-operator charging. PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
 Selection of an MME at UE attachment; RLC: Radio Link Control
 Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; MAC: Medium Access Control
eNB PHY: Physical layer
 Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast Inter Cell RRM
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
MME: Mobility Management Entity
messages (originated from the MME); S-GW: Serving Gateway
RB Control
 Measurement and measurement reporting configuration P-GW: PDN Gateway
Connection Mobility Cont.
for mobility and scheduling; MME
 MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
following functions: eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
 NAS(non-access stratum) signaling and security; Handling
Dynamic Resource
 AS Security control; Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
 Idle state mobility handling; RRC
 EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control; PDCP
S-GW P-GW
 Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication. RLC
Mobility UE IP address
 P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions: MAC Anchoring allocation
S1
 Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL PHY Packet Filtering
internet
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; E-UTRAN EPC

Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol Stack
 Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol:  Main Functions of Control-plane:
 User-plane: For user data transfer  RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions as
 Control-plane: For system signaling for the user plane
transfer
 PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
protection
 RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
 Main Functions of User-plane: measurement reporting and control
 Header Compression  NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
 Ciphering authentication, security control
Control-plane protocol stack
 Scheduling UE eNB MME
 ARQ/HARQ
NAS NAS
User-plane protocol stack
UE eNB RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY PHY PHY PHY

SAE
 SAE Brief Introduction
 SAE （ System Architecture Evolution ） considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including ：
 Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the
latency and enhance the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.
 Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied,
user-plane and control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.
GERAN
SGSN HSS
UTRAN
S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S4 Rx+
S11 S7
S10
“LTE-Uu”
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE EUTRAN Operator ’s IP Services
SAE SAE (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U Gateway Gateway

Introduction
Charter 4 LTE Layer 2 Structure
Introduction
Introduction

Transmission Modes: Frequency Division Duplex
Channel Channel
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Frequency
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Spacing

Page13
Transmission Modes: Time Division Duplex
Downlink
and Uplink
Asymmetric Frequency
TDD
Allocation
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

Time
TDD Frame TDD Frame

Page14
FDMA TDMA CDMA and OFDMA

OFDM
 Introduction  OFDM
 OFDM （ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ） is a  OFDM has many advantages that can meet the needs
modulation multiplexing scheme. The system bandwidth is divided of E-UTRAN, which is one of B3G(beyond 3G) and 4G
into a subcarrier of orthogonal. key technology.
 Orthogonality of different subcarriers is achieved by the baseband  OFDM is a modulation multiplexing scheme, and the
IFFT. corresponding multi-access techniques is OFDMA.
OFDMA are used in LTE downlink.
 For LTE uplink the multiple access scheme is SC-
System Bandwidth
FDMA .
FFT Sub-carriers
Guard
Intervals …
Symbols Frequency
Time
OFDM 与 OFDMA 的比较

OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 OFDM & OFDMA
 DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
 DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is
OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing technology
a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the
used in the LTE uplink. Each user is assigned part
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is
of the system bandwidth.
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
 SC-FDMA （ Single Carrier Frequency Division
 OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
Multiple Accessing ） is the multi-access
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no protect
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
bandwidth. Low PAPR.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and scheduling.
Easy to combine with MIMO.  Due to the terminal battery capacity and cost
limitation, UL needs low PAPR modulation
 Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
technology to improve the power amplifier
domain synchronization. High PAPR(peak-to-average
efficiency.
power ratio).
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
System Bandwidth Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Frequency
User 1
User 1 User 2
User 2 User 3
Time
Time User 3 Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers

Introduction
Introduction

Frequency Band of LTE
 From LTE Protocol: FDD Frequency Band
 Duplex mode: FDD and TDD
 Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz
 Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz
 Protocol is being updated, frequency information
could be changed.
TDD Frequency Band

Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
eNB
UE FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)
The values of FDL_low ， NDL ， NOffs-DL can be found from 3GPP 36.101,
as below ：

Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
100kHz Raster
Uplink Downlink
Frequency
1937.4MHz 2127.4MHz
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL) FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
(FUL - FUL_low) (FDL - FDL_low)

NUL = + NOffs-UL NDL = + NOffs-DL
0.1 0.1
(1937.4 - 1920) (2127.4 - 2110)
NUL = + 18000 = 18174 NDL = + 0 = 174
0.1 0.1
LTE ARFCN
Calculation Tool

Practice
 If the FUL (UL Frequency) is 1750.5MHz, and its Noffs_UL is
22150; then:
 1) It belongs to Band( );
 2) Its FUL_low is ( )MHz; Its FUL_high is ( )MHz;
 3) Its NUL (AFRCN) is ( );

Radio Frame Structure (1)
 Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
 Type 1, applicable to FDD
 Type 2, applicable to TDD
 FDD Radio Frame Structure:

 LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-order
IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
 FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms.
One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure
 Concept of Resource Block:

 LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
 RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
 One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 continuous subcarriers(180KHz) under Normal CP
configuration

 TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations
 Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and
Uplink- Downlink-to- Subframe number
time unit with FDD. downlink Uplink
configuratio Switch-point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is n periodicity
10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which
are 0.5ms.
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
 The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
are shown in the right table.
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure GP: Guard Period
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot

Special Subframe Structure(TDD)
Configuration of special subframe
 Special Subrame Structure:
Special subframe Normal cyclic prefix
 Special Subframe consists of DwPTS(downlink pilot configuration
DwPTS GP UpPTS
timeslot), GP(Guard Period) and UpPTS(uplink pilot
timeslot) . 0 3 10
 9 types of Special subframe configuration. 1 9 4
 Guard Period size determines the maximal cell radius.
2 10 3 1
 DwPTS consists of at least 3 OFDM symbols, carrying
3 11 2
RS, control message and data.
4 12 1
 UpPTS consists of at least 1 OFDM symbol, carrying
sounding RS or short RACH. 5 3 9
6 9 3
2
7 10 2
8 11 1

 CP Length Configuration: CP Configuration
 Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate
DL OFDM CP UL SC-FDMA CP Sub-carrier Symbol of
ISI(intersymbol interference) of OFDM. Configuration
Length Length of each RB each slot
 CP length is related with coverage radius. Normal 160 for slot #0 160 for slot #0
Normal CP can fulfill the requirement of CP f=15kHz 7
144 for slot #1~#6 144 for slot #1~#6 12
common scenarios. Extended CP is for
wide coverage scenario. f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
Extended
 Longer CP, higher overheading. CP 24 (DL
f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 3 (DL only)
only)
Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
1 Slot=0.5ms=15360*Ts
Slot structure under Normal

CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)
Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)
Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=7.5kHz)

Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
 Downlink Channels ：
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
Downlink
cell search, such as cell ID. Transport channels
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource
allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information. MAC Layer
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink Physical Layer
user data. Downlink

Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH. Mapping between downlink transport channels
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid and downlink physical channels
ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast
information.
UL-SCH RACH
Uplink
 Uplink Channels ： Transport channels
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random MAC Layer
access preamble. Physical Layer
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user Uplink
data. PUSCH PRACH PUCCH
Physical channels
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ
Mapping between uplink transport channels
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator
(CQI), etc. and downlink physical channels

Downlink Physical Channel
 Downlink Physical Channel Processing
 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
 mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
 precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
 mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
Phy Ch Modulation Scheme Phy Ch Modulation Scheme

 Modulation Scheme of PBCH QPSK PCFICH QPSK
Downlink Channel
PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK
 Shown at the right table
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying
QPSK: quadrature phase shift keying
16QAM: 16 quadrature amplitude modulation CQI>=10 is a necessary condition for 64QAM modulation. CQI>=7 is a necessary condition for 16QAM modulation. Higher
64QAM: 64 quadrature amplitude modulation order modulation method can get higher download rate under the same conditions.
Page 28
Uplink Physical Channel
 Uplink Physical Channel Processing
 scrambling
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
 transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
 mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Scrambling
mapper precoder element mapper signal gen.
 Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

 Shown at the right table Modulation
Phy Ch
Scheme
PUCCH BPSK, QPSK
QPSK, 16QAM,
PUSCH
64QAM
PRACH Zadoff-Chu
Downlink Physical Signals (1)
 Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
One Antenna Port  Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
R0 R0
demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)
One antenna port
R0 R0 Cell-Specific RS  Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential
R0 R0
Mapping in Time- and the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are
UE-Specific RS ： Beamforming
Frequency Domain optional.
R0
l 0
R0
l 6 l 0 l 6
 Characteristics:
 Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-specific
RE
Two Antenna Ports
Resource element (k,l)

RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is the virtual-
R0 R0 R1 R1
random sequence transmits in the time-frequency domain.
Two antenna ports
Not used for RS

R0 R0 R1 R1
transmission onantenna
Not used for transmission on this thisport
 The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
antenna port  RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
RS symbols on this sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
antenna port
demodulation.
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6 l 0 l6
 Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,

also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
Four Antenna Ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port
l0 l 6 l 0 l6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l 0 l 6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over a
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3 Single Frequency Network
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3

Downlink Physical Signals (2)
 Synchronization Signal:
 synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell
search.
 synchronization signal comprise two parts:
 Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID
detection.
 Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
 Characteristics:
 The bandwidth of the synchronization
signal is 72 subcarrier (6RB), locating in
the central part of system bandwidth,
regardless of system bandwidth size.
 Synchronization signals are transmitted
only in the 1st and 11rd slots of every
10ms frame.
 The primary synchronization signal is
located in the last symbol of the transmit
slot. The secondary synchronization
signal is located in the 2nd last symbol of
the transmit slot. Synchronization Signals Structure

Uplink Physical Signals
 Uplink RS (Reference Signal): Freq
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
 The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization
between E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink
channel estimation.
DM RS associated with PUSCH is
 Two types of UL reference signals: mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
 DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), associated Time
with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. Freq
 SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
DM RS associated with PUCCH
 Characteristics: (transmits UL ACK signaling) is mapped
to the central 3 symbols each slot
 DMRS is used mainly for eNodeB to estimate the channel
of the uplink physical channel so as to correctly
Time
demodulate PUCCH and PUSCH.
Freq
 The SRS is mainly used for the uplink channel quality
estimation so that the eNodeB performs the uplink
frequency selection scheduling. SRS can also be used to
DM RS associated with PUCCH
estimate uplink timing, and it is estimated that the downlink (transmits UL CQI signaling) is mapped
to the 2 symbols each slot
channel quality can be estimated by channel symmetry
under the assumption that the mutual benefit of downlink / Time
System bandwidth
uplink channel (especially TDD).

Downlink Resource Structure
 Downlink Resource Structure
 Type I frame, single antenna, ΔF = 15 kHz

 Standard RB:
 One of center 6 RBs:
LTE_radio_frame LTE_radio_frame
(FDD) (TDD)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential © Forsk 2010

Downlink Resource Structure
7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Symbol 0 Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3 Symbol 4 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
Centre 6 RBs
PSS
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
SSS
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
PDSCH
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)

Uplink Resource Structure
7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Symbol 0 Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3 Symbol 4 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Legend:
UL DMRS (Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal)
UL SRS (Uplink Sounding Reference Signal)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
(incl.HARQ feedback and CQI reporting)
Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCCH
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel)
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)

Physical Layer Procedure — Cell Search
 Basic Principle of Cell Search:  Initial Cell Search:
 Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-  The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually, UE
UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell ID. doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the first
time switch on.
 Two steps in cell search:  UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
 Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of ID spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure
within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
Synchronization Signal; Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
 Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP  Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-freq
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH and
Secondary Synchronization Signal. acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx antenna
number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its paging
About Cell ID ：


period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE state in
 In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for monitoring
parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be demodulated
to receive paging message.
version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs in the
physical layer, 3 IDs within each group. So totally
Freq
168*3=504 Cell IDs exist. Search
nals
cell (1) (2) Sync Sig
N ID  3 N ID  N ID PBCH
 (1)
N ID represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167; PDCCH
(2)
N ID represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to PDSCH
2.

Physical Layer Procedure — Random Access
 Basic Principle of Random Access :  Detail Procedure of Random Access:
 Random access is the procedure of uplink  Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a
synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN. preamble transmission by higher layers.
 Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive  The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a target
the following information from the higher layers: preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI and a
 Random access channel parameters: PRACH PRACH resource .
configuration, frequency position and preamble format,
etc.  UE determines the preamble transmission power is preamble
 Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences target received power + Path Loss. The transmission shall not
and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in higher than the maximum transmission power of UE. Path Loss
order to demodulate the random access preamble.
is the downlink path loss estimate calculated in the UE.
 Two steps in physical layer random access:  A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble sequence
 UE transmission of random access preamble
set using the preamble index.
 Random access response from E-UTRAN
 A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble
sequence with calculated transmission power on the indicated
PRACH resource.
amble
 UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
RA Pre
PRACH
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is passed
ponse to higher layers. The higher layers parse the transport block
RA Res
PDCCH and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier

Physical Layer Procedure — Power Control
 Basic Principle of Power Control:  Downlink Power Control:
 Downlink power control determines the EPRE (Energy  The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant. The
transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
per Resource Element);
transmission power.
 Uplink power control determines the energy per DFT-  Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the
SOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol. comparison of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power
control.
 Uplink Power Control:
 Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop UE report CQI
power control. (the definition is shown in the comments)
DL Tx Power
 A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
 PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled
respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example:
PPUSCH (i)  min {PMAX ,10 log 10 (M PUSCH (i))  PO_PUSCH (j)  α(j)  PL  ΔTF (i)  f(i)} X2
 PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path UL Tx Power
loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control
principle is shown in above equation. The following factors impact PUSCH System adjust
parameters
transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power PMAX, UE
allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH, estimated
path loss PL, modulation coding factor △TF and system adjustment factor f
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element
(not working during opened loop PC) DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM

Introduction
Introduction

MIMO
 Downlink MIMO  Uplink MIMO
 MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial  Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
multi user mode MU-MIMO. supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs
 In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce MIMO is still under study.
the interference among spatial multiplexing data flows.  Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users. Each
 The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to one user transmits data by single antenna. System separates
single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the transmission the data by the specific MIMO demodulation scheme.
rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU-MIMO, the data  MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same
flows are scheduled to multi users and the resources are time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-MIMO.
shared within users. Multi user gain can be achieved by Interference of the multi user data can be controlled by the
user scheduling in the spatial domain. scheduler, which also bring multi user gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1

User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data
User k data Decoder User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2
User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information
DL-MIMO Virtual-MIMO

Cell Interference Control
 ICIC （ Inter-Cell Interference Coordination ）
 ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination
schemes( ICIC ) can control the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance
in the cell edges.
The edge band is assigned to the users

Center Center
in cell edge. The eNB transmit power of Band Band
the edge band can be high.
Center Band Power Cell 2,4,6
Power Cell 1 Frequency

Cell 2,4,6 Edge Band
2
Frequency
Cell 1 Edge Band 7 3 Center
Band
The center band is assigned to the users in 1
cell center. The eNB transmit power of the
center band should be reduced in order to 6 4 Power
Cell 3,5,7
avoid the interference to the edge band of
neighbor cells.
5 Frequency
Cell 3,5,7P Edge Band

SON （ Self-Organising Networks ）
 SON Brief Introduction
 SON (Self Organization Network) is the functions of LTE that required by the
NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Network) operators.
 From the point of view of the operator’s benefit and experiences, the early
communication systems had bad O&M compatibility and high cost.
 New requirements of LTE are brought forward, mainly focus on FCAPSI (Fault,
Configuration, Alarm, Performance, Security, Inventory) management:
 Self-planning and Self-configuration, support plug and play
 Self-Optimization and Self-healing
 Self-Maintenance

SON_ANR (Automatic Neighbor Relation)
 Add new Sites
 New site  configured site
Description:

Description:  Benefits:
Benefits:
Auto

Autoconfigure
configureand
andoptimize
optimizeNeighbor
Neighbor 
 Fast
Fastdefinition
definitionof
ofNeighbor
NeighborRelations
Relations
relations, upupto
to95%
95%lower
lowercost
costof
ofneighbor
neighborrelation
relations,intra-LTE
intra-LTEand
andinter-RAT

inter-RAT relation
X2
planning
planningand
andoptimization
optimization

X2automatic
automaticsetup
setup
Improve

Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing

 Operator
Operatordefined
definedrules
rulesand
andmonitoring
monitoring
HO
HOfailure
failurecaused
causedby
bymissing
missingneighbor
neighbor
supported
supported relations
relations

ANR functionality
 ANR management is implemented through the following functions:
 Automatic detection of missing neighboring cells
 Automatic evaluation of neighbor relations
 Automatic detection of Physical Cell Identifier (PCI) collisions
 Automatic detection of abnormal neighboring cell coverage
 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) can automatically add and maintain neighbor relations. The initial network
construction, however, should not fully depend on ANR for the following considerations:
 ANR is closely related to traffic in the entire network
 ANR is based on UE measurements but the delay is introduced in the measurements.
 After initial neighbor relations configured and the number of UEs increasing, some neighboring relations may be
missing. In this case, ANR can be used to detect missing neighboring cells and add neighbor relations.

ANR functionality
 Two main type of ANR:
 Event triggered
 Periodical reporting – fast ANR
 Both Event triggered and Fast ANR are applicable for same system or different systems

SON_Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions
 A PCI collision means the serving cell and a neighboring cell have the same PCI but different ECGIs. PCI
collisions may be caused by improper network planning or abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also known as
cross-cell coverage). If two neighboring cells have the same PCI, interference will be generated.
 When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. In this situation, the
handover performance deteriorates and the handover success rate is reduced.
 After a PCI collision is removed, the following conditions are met:

 The PCI is unique in the coverage area of a cell.
 The PCI is unique in the neighbor relations of a cell.

SON_Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions Cont.
Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions
 After a neighbor relation is added to the NRT, the eNodeB compares the PCI of the new neighboring cell with the
PCIs of existing neighboring cells in the case of IntraRatEventAnrSwitch is set to ON. If the new neighboring cell
and an existing neighboring cell have the same ECGI but different PCIs, the eNodeB reports a PCI collision to the
M2000. The M2000 collects statistics about PCI collisions and generates a list of PCI collisions.
Reallocating PCIs
 PCI reallocation is a process of reallocating a new PCI to a cell whose PCI collides with the PCI of another cell.
The purpose is to remove PCI collisions.
 The M2000 triggers the PCI reallocation algorithm to provide suggestions on PCI reallocation.
Note:
 After the PCI of a cell is changed, the cell needs to be reestablished and the services carried on the cell are
disrupted. Therefore, the PCI reallocation algorithm only provides reallocation suggestions. A PCI can be
reallocated manually or automatically through a scheduled task configured on the M2000.

SON_MLB( Mobility Load Balancing)

Description:
Description:
 Cell A Cell B
  Cell C

Exchange
Exchangecell
cellload
loadinformation
informationover
overX2
X2
 Offload congested cells
 Offload congested cells

Optimize
Optimizecell
cellreselection
reselection/ /handover
handover
parameters
parameters

 Benefits:
Benefits:

Increase
Increase10%
10%system
systemcapacity
capacityand
and10%-
10%-
20%
20%access
accesssuccess
successrate
rateininunbalance
unbalance
 Cell A  Cell B Cell C
 scenario
scenario
 Improve customer experience by reducing
 Improve customer experience by reducing
call
calldrop
droprate,
rate,handover
handoverfailure
failurerate,
rate,and
and
unnecessary
unnecessaryredirection
redirectioncaused
causedbyby
unbalanced
unbalancedload
load

SON_MRO( Mobility Robust
Optimization )
 How to solve Mobility

Value
 unnecessary HO Rate
Problems?
 HO successful rate
PING
 PON
G
 Before adopt MRO  After adopt MRO
Description:

Description: Benefits:
Benefits: 
HO

HOparameters
parametersare
areoptimized
optimizedbased
based Reduce

Reducecost
costof
ofmobility
mobilityoptimization
optimization
upon
uponlong
longterm
termUE
UEmobility
mobilitybehavior
behavior 
 Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
by
Avoid

AvoidPing-Pong
Ping-Ponghandover,
handover,handover
handover reducing
reducingcall
calldrop
droprate
rateand
andhandover
handover
too
tooearly,
early,handover
handovertoo
toolate,
late,etc
etc failure
failurerate
rate

Reference
 TS 36 ， 3GPP specification
 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband.pdf
 3GPP Long Term Evolution.pdf, Agilent
 3GPP LTE Overview.ppt
 Physical layer aspects of E-UTRA 0807010.ppt

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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10/17/2020 Security Level:

LTE Basic Principle

Master the basic principle of LTE physical layer and layer 2.

Know about the key technology of LTE air interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

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1 G (First 2 G (Se co nd 3 G (Third 4 G (Fo urth

AMPS GSM UMTS LTE Advanced

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 What can LTE do ？

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Node B RNC Flexible Spectrum Options

LTE LTE LTE Advanced

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 Network Interface of LTE

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW Compare with traditional 3G

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PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC MAC MAC

PHY PHY PHY PHY

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

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OFDM 与 OFDMA 的比较

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System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

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TDD Frequency Band

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UE FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL) FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)

(FUL - FUL_low) (FDL - FDL_low)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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 FDD Radio Frame Structure:

One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure

 Concept of Resource Block:

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Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

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Slot structure under Normal

Slot structure under

Slot structure under

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user data. Downlink

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code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Phy Ch Modulation Scheme Phy Ch Modulation Scheme

Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

 Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

PUCCH BPSK, QPSK

Resource element (k,l)

Not used for RS

 Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,