CHAPTER 5

CONSUMER MARKETS AND

BUYER BEHAVIOR
Definition
◦ Consumer buyer behavior
The buying behavior of final consumers— individuals and households that
buy goods and services for personal consumption.

○ Consumer market
All the individuals and households that buy or acquire goods and services for
personal consumption.
Model of Consumer Behavior
Model of Consumer Behavior
◦ The starting point is the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior
◦ Marketers want to understand how the stimuli are changed into responses
inside the consumer’s black box, which has two parts:
a. First, the buyer’s characteristics influence how he or she perceives and
reacts to the stimuli. These characteristics include a variety of cultural, social,
personal, and psychological factors.
b. Second, the buyer’s decision process itself affects his or her behavior. This
decision process—from need recognition, information search, and
alternative evaluation to the purchase decision and postpurchase behavior—
begins long before the actual purchase decision and continues long after.
○ Buyer responses
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
◦ Consumer purchases are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal, and
psychological characteristics
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
1. Cultural Factors
◦ Marketers need to understand the role played by the buyer’s culture,
subculture, and social class.
a. Culture: The set of basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors learned
by a member of society from family and other important institutions.
b. Subculture: A group of people with shared value systems based on common
life experiences and situations.
c. Social class: Relatively permanent and ordered divisions in a society whose
members share similar values, interests, and behaviors
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
2. Social Factors
> A consumer’s behavior also is influenced by social factors, such as the
consumer’s small groups, social networks, family, and social roles and status.
a. Group: Two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual
goals.
 Word-of-mouth influence: The impact of the personal words and
recommendations of trusted friends, family, associates, and other consumers
on buying behavior
 Opinion leader: A person within a reference group who, because of special
skills, knowledge, personality, or other characteristics, exerts social influence
on others
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
2. Social Factors
b. Online social networks: Online social communities—blogs, online social
media, brand communities, and other online forums—where people socialize
or exchange information and opinions
c. Family members can strongly influence buyer behavior
d. Roles and Status: A person belongs to many groups—family, clubs,
organizations, online communities. The person’s position in each group can be
defined in terms of both role and status.
A role consists of the activities people are expected to perform according to
the people around them.
Each role carries a status reflecting the general esteem given to it by society
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
3. Personal Factors
A buyer’s decisions also are influenced by personal characteristics such as the
buyer’s occupation, age and stage, economic situation, lifestyle, and
personality and self-concept
a. Occupation: A person’s occupation affects the goods and services bought
b. Age and Life Stage: People change the goods and services they buy over their
lifetimes
c. Economic Situation: A person’s economic situation will affect his or her store
and product choices
d. Lifestyle: A person’s pattern of living as expressed in his or her activities,
interests, and opinions.
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
3. Personal Factors
e. Personality and Self-Concept: Each person’s distinct personality influences
his or her buying behavior
 personality: The unique psychological characteristics that distinguish a
person or group.
 Many marketers use a concept related to personality—a person’s self-
concept (also called self-image).
 The idea is that people’s possessions contribute to and reflect their identities
—that is, “we are what we consume.”
 Thus, to understand consumer behavior, marketers must first understand the
relationship between consumer self-concept and possessions.
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
4. Psychological Factors
A person’s buying choices are further influenced by four major psychological
factors: motivation, perception, learning, and beliefs and attitudes.
a. Motive (drive): A need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to
seek satisfaction of the need
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
4. Psychological Factors
a. Motive (drive): A need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to
seek satisfaction of the need
 A person tries to satisfy the most important need first. When that need is
satisfied, it will stop being a motivator, and the person will then try to satisfy
the next most important need.
 For example, starving people (physiological need) will not take an interest in
the latest happenings in the art world (self-actualization needs) nor in how they
are seen or esteemed by others (social or esteem needs) nor even in whether
they are breathing clean air (safety needs). But as each important need is
satisfied, the next most important need will come into play.
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
4. Psychological Factors
a. Motive (drive): A need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to
seek satisfaction of the need
b. Perception: The process by which people select, organize, and interpret information to form a
meaningful picture of the world
c. Learning: Changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience
d. Belief: A descriptive thought that a person holds about something
Attitude: A person’s consistently favorable or unfavorable evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an
object or idea.
Buying Decision Behavior and the Buyer
Decision Process
1. Types of Buying Decision Behavior
Buying Decision Behavior and the Buyer
Decision Process
1. Types of Buying Decision Behavior
a. Complex buying behavior: Consumer buying behavior in situations characterized by high
consumer involvement in a purchase and significant perceived differences among brands
b. Dissonance-reducing buying behavior: Consumer buying behavior in situations characterized
by high involvement but few perceived differences among brands
c. Habitual buying behavior: Consumer buying behavior in situations characterized by low
consumer involvement and few significant perceived brand differences
d. Variety-seeking buying behavior: Consumer buying behavior in situations characterized by
low consumer involvement but significant perceived brand differences
Buying Decision Behavior and the Buyer
Decision Process
2. The Buyer Decision Process
Buying Decision Behavior and the Buyer
Decision Process
2. The Buyer Decision Process
a. Need recognition: The first stage of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer
recognizes a problem or need
b. Information search: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer is
motivated to search for more information
 Consumers can obtain information from any of several sources.
 These include personal sources (family, friends, neighbors, acquaintances), commercial
sources (advertising, salespeople, dealer and manufacturer web and mobile sites, packaging,
displays), public sources (mass media, consumer rating organizations, social media, online
searches and peer reviews), and experiential sources (examining and using the product).
 The relative influence of these information sources varies with the product and the buyer
Buying Decision Behavior and the Buyer
Decision Process
2. The Buyer Decision Process
a. Need recognition: The first stage of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer
recognizes a problem or need
b. Information search: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer is
motivated to search for more information
c. Alternative evaluation: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer uses
information to evaluate alternative brands in the choice set
d. Purchase decision: The buyer’s decision about which brand to purchase
e. Postpurchase behavior: The stage of the buyer decision process in which consumers take
further action after purchase, based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
The Buyer Decision Process for New Products
◦ New product: A good, service, or idea that is perceived by some potential customers as new

◦ Stages in the Adoption Process

Consumers go through five stages in the process of adopting a new product:
1. Awareness: The consumer becomes aware of the new product but lacks information about
it
2. Interest: The consumer seeks information about the new product
3. Evaluation: The consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense
4. Trial: The consumer tries the new product on a small scale to improve his or her estimate of
its value
5. Adoption: The consumer decides to make full and regular use of the new product
The Buyer Decision Process for New Products
◦ Individual Differences in Innovativeness
◦ People differ greatly in their readiness to try new products
◦ The five adopter groups have differing values:
1. Innovators are venturesome—they try new ideas at some risk.
2. Early adopters are guided by respect—they are opinion leaders in their communities and
adopt new ideas early but carefully.
3. Early mainstream adopters are deliberate—although they rarely are leaders, they adopt new
ideas before the average person.
4. Late mainstream adopters are skeptical—they adopt an innovation only after a majority of
people have tried it.
5. Lagging adopters are tradition bound—they are suspicious of changes and adopt the
innovation only when it has become something of a tradition itself.
The Buyer Decision Process for New Products
◦ Influence of Product Characteristics on Rate of Adoption
◦ Five characteristics are especially important in influencing an innovation’s rate of adoption:
1. Relative advantage: The degree to which the innovation appears superior to existing
products
2. Compatibility: The degree to which the innovation fits the values and experiences of
potential consumers
3. Complexity: The degree to which the innovation is difficult to understand or use
4. Divisibility: The degree to which the innovation may be tried on a limited basis
5. Communicability: The degree to which the results of using the innovation can be observed
or described to others