COORDINATIO

N AND
RESPONSE
COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

-changes in an organism's
environment is called STIMULI

-sensed by specialised cells called

RECEPTORS

-organisms respond using

EFFECTORS(eg: Muscles)

-Muscles contract and salivary glands

secrete saliva.
-Animals need more effective response as they
need to respond quickly to catch food or to
protect themselves from predators.

-touching something hot is felt by the

RECEPTORS and you pulling your hand away
is done by EFFECTORS- this is called
COORDINATION

-2 methods of sending information from

receptors to effectors.

-fastest by nerves-receptors and nerves make up

animal's nervous system.

-slower by means of chemicals called

HORMONES which are part of ENDOCRINE
THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

- made of special cells called NEURONES

-basic parts like any anima cell- nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell
membrane

-their structure is adapted to send messages quickly- long thin

fibres of cytoplasm stretching out from the cell body.

- longest fibre is called the AXON- more than a metre long,

shorter ones are called DENDRONS or DENDRITES

-DENDRITES pick electrical signals from other neurones

nearby called nerve impulses- cell body- along the axon-
another neurone
MYELIN:

- nerve fibres of active animals like mammals

are wrapped in a layer of fat and protein called
MYELIN.

-there are narrow gaps in the myelin sheath-

every now and then

-myelin insulates the nerve fibres so that

impulses could be sent much faster

- myelinated nerve fibre of cat- carries impulses

at 100 metres per second, fibre without myelin-
5 metres per second.
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

-all mammals- 1. central nervous system- brain and spinal

cord
2. peripheral nervous system- nerves and
receptors

-CNS is made of neurones

-coordinates the messages travelling through the nervous

system

- when a receptor detects a stimuli the neurone sends

electrical impulses to the brain and the spinal cord.

-when brain and spinal cord receives the impulses it is

sent to the nerve fibres and then to the EFFECTOR
REFLEX ARCS:

SENSORY NEURONE- picks impulses from the sensory receptor

and sends it to the spinal cord along the axon of the receptor
cell.

-further transmits impulses to other neurones named RELAY

NEURONES and the relay neurones pass it on to an effector.

-effectors are MUSCLES in your arms.

-impulse travel along the axon of the motor neurone to the

muscles making them to contract so that the hand is pulled
away- REFLEX ACTION

-reflex action involves your brain to take immediate action

-the pathway in which the nerve impulse passes along

SENSORY,RELAY and MOTOR neurone is called a REFLEX ARC
-REFLEX ACTIONS are INVOLUNTARY-not under conscious
control

-VOLUNTARY ACTION- occurs only when we decide to carry out

SYNAPSES:

- 3 neurones are not connected to each other and there are

gaps in between them called SYNAPTIC CLEFTS.

- SYNAPSES- ends of the 2 neurones on either side of

the cleft and the cleft itself is called a SYANPSE.

- inside the sensory neurones axon there are tiny vesicles

containing TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES or
NEUROTRANSMITTER

-when impulse arrives along the axon of sensory neurone

it makes the vesicles to empty the contents into the
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
-neurotransmitter substances move across tiny gaps and
reaches the cell membrane of relay neurone- they are
received by complementary shape found in receptor
molecules

-this triggers a nerve impulse in relay neurone and

reaches next synapse.

-Synapses act like ONE-WAY VALVES.

-only one neurotransmitter on one side of the synapse and

so the impulses can go across from that side.

-Synapses make sure nerve impulses only travel in 1

direction
RECEPTORS

SENSE ORGANS:

-part of an organism's body that detects stimuli are called RECEPTORS

-RECEPTORS- part of a sense organ- eyes- rods and cone cells in the retina are receptors. They are
sensitive in light.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE:

-receptor cells are in the retina and sensitive to light

- Rest of the parts of the eye helps to protect the retina or focus light into it.

- Each eye is in a bony socket – only the front of the eye does not have a bone- ORBIT
- CONJUNCTIVA- a thin transparent membrane in front of the eye helps to
protect the parts behind it.

- it is kept moist by TEAR GLANDS

-TEAR GLANDS contains enzyme called LYSOZYME- kills bacteria

-eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids- stops dirt from landing on the surface of
the eyes.

-fluid is washed across your eye by eyelids when you blink

-part of the eye inside the orbit is protected by tough coat called SCLERA
RETINA:

- at the back of the eye

-light falls on the receptors of the retina- sends electrical signals to the optic
nerve- brain- builds an image

-receptor cells enable us to see coloured images

-more closer the receptor cells= more clearer the image

FOVEA

-part of retina packed closer together with receptor cells

- packed with cones

BLIND SPOT- no receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the retina.
When light falls here no impulses are sent.
CHOROID

-behind the retina- black in colour

-rich in blood vessels-nourishment of eyes

- absorbs all the light to prevent getting scattered

Rod cells- sensitive to quite dim light- black and white only
-do not respond to colour

Cone cells- distinguish between the different colors of light-coloured vision

- only responds when there is quite bright light

-3 different cones- sensitive to red, green and blue light

THE IRIS:

-front of the lens- a piece of tissue

- coloured part of your eye

- absorbs light and stop it from getting to the retina

THE PUPIL:

- middle of the iris in the form of a gap

- size can be adjusted

-wider the pupil is the more the light enters through it

-in strong light the iris closes in and makes the pupil small

-this stops too much light getting in and damaging the retina
IRIS contains muscles

CIRCULAR MUSCLES- lies in circles- makes pupil

constrict or become smaller

Radial muscles- run outwards from the edge of the pupil-

makes pupil to dilate or get larger

contracting and dilating is called IRIS REFLEX

RESPONSE OF THE IRIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF

REFLEX ACTION- despite of impulses been sent to the
brain
FOCUSING LIGHT:

-light rays are bent/refracted- focuses exactly onto the retina

-humours inside the eyes are transparent and colourless to let

light in.

-CORNEA is responsible for bending of light

-lens makes adjustments

-image on the retina is upside down

-brain interprets it to be seen right way up

ADJUSTING THE LENS:

-light rays from an object in the distance will be almost parallel to each other

-light rays from a nearby object are away from one another and need to be bent inwards quite strongly

-thicker the lens=more bending of light rays

-thinner the lens= less bending of light rays

-LENS is held in position by a ring of SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS

-tension on the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS = shape of the lens and it is altered by CILIARY MUSCLE

muscle contracts = suspensory ligaments loosened(lens is thinner)

muscle relaxes = suspensory ligaments tightened(lens is thicker)

-ACCOMODATION- adjustment of shape of lens to focuslight coming from different distances

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE GLANDS:

-HORMONES- chemicals that transmit information from one part of the body to the
other

-made by ENDOCRINE GLANDS

-have good blood supply- have blood capillaries running through them

-ENDOCRINE GLANDS make hormones are release it in blood- other parts of the body-
dissolved in plasma- target organs

- do not have ducts/DUCTLESS GLANDS

ADRENALINE:

-2 adrenal glands one above each kidney

- make a hormone called ADRENALINE

-secreted when frightened, excited or

keyed up

- impulses sent along the nerves to

adrenal glands- secrete adrenaline-
blood
ADRENALINE- fight or flight response

FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE:

- heart beats faster

- brain and muscles are supplied with oxygen quickly

-energy for fighting or running away is obtained

-blood vessels in skin and digestive system contract- carries little blood- pale- butterflies in your stomach

- more blood is needed for your brain and muscles in emergency

-pupils in eyes to widen- allowing you to see danger more early

- releases glucose in blood- instructs liver- extra energy for muscles

-
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE IN PLANTS:

-slower responses than animals

-change rate or direction of growth

-grow either towards or away from stimulus

-growing towards stimuli is POSITIVE RESPONSE

-growing away from stimuli is NEGATIVE RESPONSE

TROPISM:

- growth response by a plant in which the direction of the growth is affected by direction of stimulus.

2 Stimuli- light and gravity

LIGHT- shoots grow towards light-photosynthesis, flowers to be held in air for insects/birds to pollinate.

GRAVITY- roots grow towards pull of gravity- grow downwards- anchor to soil- absorb water and minerals between the soil
particles
PLANT HORMONES:

-tip of the shoot- RECEPTOR

-part of the shoot that responds to a stimulus is the

part below the tip- acts as the EFFECTOR

- 2 parts of the shoot communicate with each other

with the help of PLANT HORMONES
AUXIN:

Auxin- plant hormone

- made all the time at the tip of a shoot

-diffuses downwards from the tip into the rest of the shoot

- makes the cells behind the tip get longer

- shoots grow only with the help of auxins.

- when light shines onto the shoot, auxin is evenly distributed

around the tip of the shoot- cells grow at the same rate- shoot
grows straight upwards

- when light shines on a shoot from one side- auxin

concentrates on the shady side- makes the cells grow faster
than ones on brighter side- shoot bends towards light
ETIOLATION:

- in dark....plants grow pale, tall and thin

- though auxins are collected in the tip

there is no chloroplast is synthesised in
darkness

- tall, thin, smaller leaves, far apart- THIS

CONDITION IS CALLED ETIOLATION

- exposed to light-chlorophyll would

develop- plants grow normally or they
die.
WEEDKILLERS:

-weedkillers contain plant hormones

-synthetic form of auxin is present.

-weeds respond to auxin by growing taller and

die quickly

- leave more space, nutrients and water for

grass to grow

- same method is followed in crops like wheat,

millet, sorghum or maize