Anatomy of eye

Orbital complex – the bony recess that holds the eye

Composed of Seven bones:

• Frontal bone
• Lacrimal bones
• Palatine bones
• Zygomatic bones
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid

Walls of the orbit

- Superior wall:
Frontal bone and lesser wings of the sphenoid
- Medial wall:
Lacrimal bones, Ethmoid and body of the sphenoid
- Lateral wall:
Sphenoid and Zygomatic bones
- Inferior wall:
Maxillary bone and zygomatic bone
- Base: Sphenoid and Palatine bones

Eyes

The accessory structures of the eye include the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, the lacrimal (tear-
producing) apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles that move eyeball .

Eyelid

- The upper and lower eyelids are moveable folds of skin that protect the eyeball from injury,
irritation, and light
- thin inner membrane – conjunctiva
- orbicularis oculi muscle innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII), closes the eye in a sphincter-
like fashion
- levator palpebrae superioris muscle, innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) opens the
eye by lifting the upper eyelid.

Lacrimal apparatus

- Consist of lacrimal gland which is located sup and lat to eyeball

- Located in lacrimal fossa in the supralateral aspect of the orbit.
- l.sac connect to inferior nasal meatus by nasolacrimal duct that’s y tear goes to nasal cavity
- lacrimal fluid (tear) --- excretory lacrimal duct ----- conjunctiva along sup and inf eyelid -----
sup and inferior punchta ---- sup and inf canaliculi ---- lacrimal sac ---nasolacrimal duct ----
inferior nasal meatus of nose
- punchtum small opening and lacrimal sac storage of tear
Extraocular (Extrinsic Eye Muscles) Muscles (move eyeball)

consists of 6 muscles

four rectus muscles

- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- inferior rectus
- lateral rectus

two oblique muscles

- superior oblique
- inferior oblique

Eyeball

consists of the wall and optic apparatus

the wall of the eyeball consists of three layers:

- outermost fibrous tunic,

- middle vascular tunic
- innermost retina.

Fibrous tunic consist of 2 parts

1 Cornea anterior 1/6th

- Transparent
- Corneal reflex close of eyelid
- Light goes through it
- Avascular
- Supplied by diffusion
- Primary refractive medium
2 Scelera 5/6th
- White region of eyeball

Middle vascular layer / vascular tunica / uvea consist of 3 parts

1 Choroid region the largest region highly vascularized, which is the posterior portion of the
vascular tunic provides oxygen and nutrients to the underlying retina.
2 Ciliary body consist of ciliary process and muscle.
- ciliary muscle connect to lens by ciliary zonas or suspensory ligament
- The ciliary muscle is a circular band of smooth muscle, Contraction or relaxation of the
ciliary muscle changes the tightness of the zonular fibers, which alters the shape of the lens,
adapting it for near or far vision(acomodation)
- The ciliary processes are protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body. c.p
contain capillary network that produces aqueous humour which fills ant cavity of eyeball
-Extending from the ciliary process are zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments) that attach to
the lens.
 3 Iris coloured portion can be from blue to black.
- on the centre of iris opening called pupil
- control the amount of light entering pupil.
- Iris contains muscular diaphragm of pupil.
- It contains 2 muscles circular muscles or sphincter pupillae and the radial muscles or
dilator pupillae.
- constrictor of circular on bright light contract and decrease diameter of pupil. pupillary
reflex during bright light when we close eye.
- radiate or dilators m in dim light contact and dilate diameter or pupil
- This process is called adaptation of pupil acc to light by iris
- That’s y iris is called muscular diapgram of pupil

Retina it is a nervous layer it is divided into two parts:

1. sensory part
- has a posterior optic part that is sensitive to light
- contains photoreceptors - rods and cons.
- Rods allow us to see in dim light, such as moonlight
- Because rods do not provide color vision, in dim light we can see only black, white, and all
shades of gray in between.
- Brighter lights stimulate cones, which produce color vision.

2. nonvisual part –

- continues anteriorly over the ciliary body and iris. optic disc - optic nerve exits the
eyeball.
- lacks photoreceptors; insensitive to light and is known as the blind spot.

- macula lutea - posterior portion of the retina, at the visual axis of the eye, spot lateral to
the optic disk, is an area of intense visual acuity. fovea centralis, a depression in the
macula, is the area of greatest visual.

Interior (optic part) of the Eyeball:

- The lens – is located behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball, the refractive
media of the lens, normally is perfectly transparent and lacks blood vessels. The lens helps
focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision.
The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities: the anterior cavity and posterior
cavity. The anterior cavity—the space anterior to the lens—consists of two chambers.
The anterior chamber lies between the cornea and the iris.
The posterior chamber lies between the iris and lens . Both chambers of the anterior cavity
are filled with aqueous humor.
Posterior to the lens is the posterior cavity, which contains the vitreous body
- Aqueous humor - transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea. Aqueous
humor continually filters out of blood capillaries in the ciliary processes of the ciliary body
and enters the posterior chamber then goes to ant chamber
- vitreous chamber - The larger posterior cavity of the eyeball, which lies between the lens and
the retina. Within the vitreous chamber is the vitreous body, a transparent jellylike substance
 that holds the retina flush against the choroid, giving the retina an even surface for the
reception of clear images.
- Vitoreus body post to lens have hairy like substance.

Pathway of light

light ----- cornea ----- aqueous humours ---- pupil – aqueous humours ----lens – vitreous body –
retina

Corneal reflex

- cornea is touched or exposed to bright light.

- reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies and bright light

Pupillary light reflex

- rapid constriction (miosis) of both pupils (via the constrictor pupillae muscle) in response to
shining a light into the eye.
- Both pupils constrict because each retina sends fibres into the optic tracts of both sides.

Presbyopia and cataracts

age-related changes- loss of elasticity of the lens, and the subsequent loss of accommodation,
diminishes a patient’s ability to focus on near objects, a condition known as presbyopia.

Cataracts - opacities of the lens or its capsule allow less light to reach the retina, resulting in blurred,
cloudy vision. Treatment involves

Glaucoma - increased intra ocular pressure

The Integumentary System (SKIN)

- Largest organ of the body
- Protects from biologic, mechanical, and chemical injury.
- Regulates body temperature.
- Participates in metabolic processes (vitamin D synthesis)
- Skin = epidermis (no blood vessels) + dermis (blood vessels)
- Under the skin is hypodermis.

The layers of the epidermis include the:

- stratum Basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis),

- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis).
- Epidermis makes hair and nails.

Anatomy of ear
- Organ of hearing and equilibrium.
- The ear is divided into three main regions:

1 the external ear, which collects sound waves and channels them inward towards the

2 the middle ear, which conveys sound vibrations to the oval window in the internal ear

3 the internal ear, which houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.

- Middle ear internal ear and partly external ear located in petrous portion of temporal

External ear

consists of 3 things

- Auricle - composed of elastic cartilage covered by skin.

- External acoustic meatus 2,5 cm long - canal from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
- Contains Ceruminous and sebaceous glands in the subcutaneous tissue lining the
cartilaginous part secrete earwax. Protects ear
- Tympanic membrane, a thin, transparent membrane, separates the external and middle ear.
concave outer surface of the membrane has a central conelike depression, the umbo.
- Tympanic membrane consists of two parts: pars flaccida and Pars tensa.
- Main function in external ear is sound collection.
- Tm has external surface faces external ear internal surface faces middle ear.
- External surface is covered by skin and internal surface by mucosa in the centre of external
surface we have depression called umbo.
- Function of tm when sound wave passes through it transmit sound to middle ear

Middle ear

- Consist of eustachian tube and middle ear

- The middle ear tympanic cavity, is an air-filled chamber housed in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone.
- Pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube, which connects the tympanic cavity to the
nasopharynx, helps equalize pressure in the middle ear = pressure balance imp for sound
transmission
- Walls of the tympanic cavity are:
- Anterior - carotid wall carotid canal
- Posterior – mastoid wall mastoid process
- Medial – labyrinthic wall
- Lateral - membranous
- wall(tympanic membrane)
- Superior – tegmen tympany
- Inferior – jugular wall.

- Inside tympanic cavity we have Auditory ossicles: Malleus , Incus, Stapes

- handle of the malleus is embedded in the tympanic membrane, and its head
articulates with the incus.
- incus articulates with the malleus and stapes
- head of the stapes articulates with the incus, and its base fits into the oval window of
the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
 - Sound wave --- tympanic membrane --- handle od maleus --- incus – stape – oval
window of internal ear

Inner ear

Two Halves:

- Vestibular--transduces motion and pull of gravity

- Cochlear--transduces sound energy
- Each composed of two labyrinth: Bony labyrinth and Membranous labyrinth
- The internal (inner) ear is also called the labyrinth because of its complicated series of canals
Structurally, it consists of two main divisions: an outer bony labyrinth that encloses an inner
membranous labyrinth.
- Bony labyrinth containing the fluid - perilymph.
It includes Cochlea , Vestibule and Semi-circular (have sup inf and lat parts)canals
Vestibular and semi circular are region of equilibrium , cochlea region of hearing
- membranous labyrinth, within the bony labyrinth, and filled with, endolymph.
Made up of
cochlear duct contained within the cochlea.
utricle and saccule contained within the vestibule.
semi-circular ducts contained within the semi-circular canals.

Auditory apparatus

consists of the following:

1 cochlea a space within the bony labyrinth that includes: bony cochlear (spiral) canal and modiolus
The basal turn of the cochlea contains the round window

2 cochlear duct, part of the membranous labyrinth, which is a blind-ended duct filled with
endolymph and suspended within the cochlear canal.

It divides into two channels:

- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- spiral organ (of Corti)

Vestibular apparatus

-The vestibular apparatus consists of the following:

1 utricle communicates with the semicircular ducts

2 saccule communicates with the cochlear duct.

Both contain maculae, which are sensitive to movement of the endolymph in the horizontal and
vertical planes.

3 Three semicircular canals – arranged perpendicular to one another and communicate with the
vestibule.

-Each canal has a swelling at one end – bony ampulla.

4 ampullary crest, an area of sensory epithelium respond to motion of the endolymph within the
ducts caused by rotation of the head.

cochlea extra mananas lecture

- bony labyrinth makes cochlea canal which makes 2.5 turn

- membranous labyrinth makes cloache duct
- it has cochlea canal duct and modius eggs of cochlea
- cloache duct inside cochleal canal part of memranous labrynth divide cochlea into 2 parts
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
- we have basement membrane which makes all membranes spiral organ of cortii which
contain receptors covered by epithelium cells cochlea nerve starts from spiral organ of cortii
- we have vestibule cochlear never start from receptor utricle and sacrum in vestibule
membranous labyrinth.
- semi-circular duct inside semi-circular canal they contain epithelium receptor of equilibrium
they make ampulla.
- in ampulla we have ampulla crest sensory epithelium receptor of equilibrium