Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

Eye
Eye :- Is the organ of vision or sight. it receive stimuli inform of light and this
stimuli change in to nerve impulses which are sent directly to brain along the
optic nerve and the brain interprets these nerve impulses as pictures.
The eye situated in bony socket (orbit ) which is located in the skull.

Structures of eye
1- Eye ball composed of ( tunica fibrosa, tunica vascularis, tunica nervosa )
2- accessory structures ( eyelids , eye lashes , eye muscles , conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus)

Orbit
It is bony socket which separated the eye from the cranial cavity which
surrounded and protects the eye

Bones of orbit
1- frontal bone
2- nasal bone
3- zygomatic bone
4- lacrimal bone
5- maxillary bone
6- sphenoid bone

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Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

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Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

Eye ball
Eye ball:- The most intricate portion of the eye is the globe ( bulbus oculi ). this
structure is receives light rays and transfers them to nervous impulses to transmit
then to light visual center in the brain.

Structure of eye ball

1- Tunica fibrosa
2- tunica vascular
3- Retina
4- The fibrous (Tunica fibrosa oculi) :- is the external coat and is

composed of a posterior opaque part, the sclera, and a transparent anterior

part, the cornea.
a. Sclera (white of the eye ) :- The caudal part of fibrous coat
b. Cornea :-It is transparent, colorless, and non-vascular part

2-tunica vascular :- The middle layer of eye ball consisting mainly

of blood vessels and smooth muscles that supply nutrition to eye ball and control
the shape of the lens and size of the pupil –tunica vascular is (uvea ) consists of
a-choroid portion
b- ciliary body
c- iris
choroid portion
choroid portion :- is posterior part of tunica vascular is thin ,dark , opaque
,highly vascular membrane inside sclera. it is supply retina and serves to absorb
light not reflected on the eye ball

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Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

Tapetum lucidum

Tapetum lucidum :-specialized reflective area of choroid it is reason animals

eye glow when light is shined in them at night not found in man and pigs.

ciliary body
ciliary body :- Thickest portion of tunica vascular located between the choroid
and iris. it is function
1- aqueous production
2- connection zonular ligament of lens
3- connect the iris to lens

Structure of Ciliary body

1- ciliary muscles :- Smooth muscles that alter the shape of the lens
(accommodation )
2- ciliary processes :- Folds of connective tissue on the inner surface ciliary
body that anchor (support ) the zonsular fibers (suspensory ligament)

suspensory ligament (zonular fibers)

suspensory ligament (zonular fibers) :-Groups of fibers which connect the lens
to ciliary body

Iris
Iris:- The iris is colored , contractile disc (doughnut -shape ) surrounding the
pupil extend from ciliary body and lies anterior to the lens. it is function regulating
the amount of light entering the eye ball.

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Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

pupil
The pupil :-central opening of the iris that lets light in to the eye ball

3-Retina (tunica nervosa)

Retina :- is Inner coat of the eye which located internal to vascular layer it is
functioning in image Formation. the retina consists of here layers
1-Photoreceptors
The first light sensitive layer of retina which consists of cells which are
a-Rods ------------- dendrites sensitive to dim (night) light and shapes
b-Cones ----------- dendrites sensitive to color and sharpness of vision
2-Bipolar neurons
Intermediate layer of retina which receives impulses from the rods and cones and
passes then to neuronal ganglia
3-ganglion neurons
Inner layer of retina which pass the impulse in their axons to optic nerve

Optic disc------- The area on retina where axons from the ganglion neurons leave
the eye as the optic nerve have no rods and cones this area is called blind spot

Lens -------- Trans parent –biconvex body of the eye suspended behind the iris by
the suspensory ligaments to surrounded by a capsule

Chambers of eye
1- Anterior chamber ---------- Space between the iris and cornea
2- Posterior chamber ---------- Space between the iris and lens
3- Viterous chamber ------------Large space lying between the lens and retina

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 Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

Aqueous-humor
Watery fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid filling the posterior and anterior
chambers aqueous humor is secreted by the ciliary processes in to posterior
chamber and drains at periphery in to the scleral venous plexus which lends to the
veins of eye it is function to maintain the intra ocular pressure and as a nutrient to
waste transport medium

Vitreous body
Structure found within vitreous chamber which is gelatinous mass containing
protein and great amount of water it is function
1. Support the eye ball give the shape rounded of eye
2. Support the lens and retina

Accessory structures of eye

1- eyelid
Two movable skin folds upper and lower eyelids (superior and inferior palpebrae )
protecting the surface of eye ball. eyelids lining by conjunctiva and carries
protective lashes (cilia) at their margins in all animals except cat and pig which not
found in lower eyelid it is function
a. control the entrance of orbit
b. they sweep away foreign bodies reaching cornea
c. prevent drying of the cornea
d. play apart in direction tears toward nasal aspect

Tarsus ---------- Fibrous plate supporting the margin of the eyelid and surrounding
glandular tissue ( tarsal gland )

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 Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

Tarsal gland ( meibomian ) which open in series on to the margin of the lid.
Glands of eyelids are
1-tarsal gland
2-moll gland
3-zeis gland
4-sweat gland
5-accessory gland
Their secretion is share in the lacrimal fluid

2. cilia (eyelashes)
Hairs coming out of eyelids –there are sebaceous and ciliary glands associated
with cilia
3. Eye muscle
Intrinsic muscle
a. suspensory ligament
b. circular smooth pupillary m
c. radiating smooth pupillary m

Extrinsic muscles
a. dorsal rectus m
b. ventral rectus m
c. lateral rectus m
d. medial rectus m
e. dorsal oblique m
f. ventral oblique m
g. retractor bubli m

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 Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

4. conjectiva

Seromucous membrane which lining the upper and lower eyelids and sclera

5. lacrimal apparatus (nasolacrimal)

Group of structures that manufacture and drain away tears and lacrimal
apparatus consist of

I. lacrimal gland (tear gland)

Are almond –shape, lobulated and light pink in color lying on dorsolateral
aspect of eye ball. It is releases seromueous via a number of ducts on to the
surface of eye ball
II. lacrimal duct
Located in upper and lower part of two conjunctivas

III. lacrimal puncta

The openings of the lacrimal canaliculi on the upper and lower eyelids
near the medial angle (canthus)

IV. lacrimal canaliculi

The small canals from the lacrimal puncta to lacrimal sac

V. lacrimal sac
enlragment located in a fossa in the lacrimal bones orbital surface, it
marks the beginning of nasolacrimal duct

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Anatomy ………………………………………………………………The first stage

VI. nasolacrimal duct

The duct extending from the lacrimal sac to the rostral part of nasal cavity