Department of Anatomy KazNMU

named after S. D. Asfendiyarova

Topic of the lesson

Anatomy and topography of sensory organs. Organ
of vision. Eyeball. Auxiliary structures of the eye,
optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, block (IV)
nerve, abducent (VI) nerve: nuclei, branches. The
organ of hearing and balance. Vestibulo-cochlear
(VIII) nerve. Organs of smell and taste. Olfactory (I)
nerve

Prepared by Doctor of Medical Sciences,

Professor Dyusembayeva A.T.
VISUAL ORGAN (Greek ophtalmos,
Oftalmology) consists of eyeball - bulbus
oculi and ancillary organs surrounding it.
The eyeball consists of three layers
surrounding the inner core: the outer -
fibrous, middle – vascular tunic, and
internal - retina.
I. FIBROUS MEMBRANE, tunica fibrosa
bulbi consists of sclera and cornea.
1.Sclera, sclera - consists of a dense
connective tissue of white color (eye
protein).
2.Cornea, cornea - transparent, rounded,
convex anteriorly (in the form of a watch
glass), a plate inserted with its edge into the
sclera
 VASCULAR MEMBRANE, tunica vasculosa bulbi
II. VASCULAR MEMBRANE, tunica vasculosa bulbi, dark pigment-colored,
vessel-rich membrane. It consists of the choroid itself, the ciliary
body and the iris.
1. Оwn choroid, choroidea, posterior part of the choroid.
2.The ciliary body, corpus ciliare, consists of a ciliary circle,
orbiculus ciliaris and ciliary processes, processus ciliares, which
secrete fluid for the chambers of the eye. In the thickness of the
ciliary body is the ciliary muscle, m. ciliaris. This muscle,
contracting relaxes the lens capsule, increases the curvature of the
lens, and makes vision in the near distance (accommodation).
3.Iris vertically standing plate with a hole in the center - the pupil,
papilla, which can expand in the dark and decrease in the light due
to muscles - m. dilatator papillae (located radially from the pupil)
and m. sphincter papillae (located annularly around the pupil). The
color of the iris depends on the pigment (a lot of pigment - brown
eyes, little -blue).
Iris
1.pigment epithelium
2.inner boundary layer
3.vascular layer
4.large arterial circle of
the iris
5.small arterial circle of
the iris
6.pupil dilator
7.sphincter of the pupil
8 pupil
 The retina
III. THE RETINA, retina, consists of the
outer pigment, pars pigmentosa, and
the inner nerve, pars nervosa, which is
divided into two sections: the posterior,
pars optica, (has photosensitive
elements - rods and cones) and the
anterior (no photosensitive elements).
The border between them is the
serrated edge, ora serrata. In the back
of the retina there is an optic disc,
discus n. optici, (the exit point of the
optic nerve) is a blind spot, there are no
photosensitive elements in it. Laterally
there is a macula from it, is the place of
the best vision, there are only cones.
 THE INNER CORE OF THE EYE
THE INNER CORE OF THE EYE consists of the vitreous body, lens and chambers of
the eye.
1.The vitreous body, corpus vitreum, fills the cavity of the eyeball, it is a
transparent, jelly-like mass without vessels and nerves.

2.The lens, lens, has the appearance of biconvex glass, has an anterior and
posterior pole, and an equator at the periphery. The lens is covered with a
transparent capsule, capsula lentis and is held in its position by the ligament -
ciliary girdle, zonula ciliaris (Zinnov's ligament). The curvature of the lens can
change when we look into the distance and near (this process is called
accommodation). With a reduction in m.ciliare, the ligament of the lens with the
capsule relaxes, its curvature increases, and vision is established at a near
distance; when the muscles relax, the ligament and capsule of the lens are pulled
again, the lens is flattened, and vision is set over a long distance.

3.The chambers of the eye are filled with fluid, the outflow of which goes into
the venous sinus of the sclera. The anterior chamber of the eye, camera anterior
bulbi, is located between the cornea and iris. The posterior chamber of the eye,
camera posterior bulbi, is located between the iris and lens.
 AUXILIARY APPARATUS OF THE EYE
The muscles of the eye are represented by 4 rectus
muscles - upper, lower, medial and lateral rectus
muscles, mm. recti superior, inferior, medialis, lateralis,
and 2 oblique - upper and lower oblique muscles, mm.
obliquus superior et inferior. All muscles except the
inferior oblique muscle begin in the orbit with a tendon
ring around the optic canal. The rectus muscles attach to
the sclera. The upper oblique muscule goes medially, is
thrown through the block (spina trochlearis) of the frontal
bone at an acute angle and attached to the side of the
eye. The lower oblique muscule begins from the fossa of
the lacrimal sac and is attached to the side of the eye.
 Auxiliary apparatus of the eye
II.The fat body of the eye, corpus adiposum orbitae, fills the
entire space in the orbit.
III.The vagina of the eyeball, vagina bulbi (Tennon's
capsule) - covers the back of the eyeball.
IV.Eyelids, palpebrae (Greek blepharon). There is an upper
and lower eyelid, palpebra superior et inferior. The upper
eyelid rises with muscle - m. levator palpebrae superioris.
The base of the eyelid is represented by cartilage, tarsus, in
the thickness of which the sebaceous glands are located to
lubricate the edges of the eyelids.
V.Eyebrows, supercilium and eyelashes, cilia- hairs that
protect the eyes from foreign substances.
 The conjunctiva
VI. The conjunctiva, tunica conjunctiva, the connective
membrane of the eye - covers the posterior surface of the
eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye (bag open
anteriorly). Conjunctival folds, the upper and lower arches,
fornix conjunctivae superior et inferior are formed at the
place of transition from the eyelids to the eyeball, and in
the region of the medial angle of the eye there is a lunate
fold, plica seminularis conjunctivae. The medial angle of
the eye is rounded and forms a lacrimal lake, lacus
lacrimalis, inside which there is a lacrimal meat, caruncula
lacrimalis.
blinking membrane in birds
 The lacrimal apparatus
VII. The lacrimal apparatus is represented by the lacrimal
gland, glandula lacrimalis (alveolar-tubular gland), located
in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone, with 5-12
excretory ducts, then the tear flows through the lacrimal
stream, rivus lacrimalis (between the eyelid and the eye),
to the lacrimal lake and then through the lacrimal
openings, punctum lacrimalis, into the lacrimal tubules,
canaliculi lacrimales, lacrimal sac, saccus lacrimalis,
nasolacrimal duct, ductus nasolacrimalis, which opens into
the lower nasal passage.
 VIII. Nerves of the eye
• 1.Oculomotor nerve, n.oculomotorius (ІІІ pair) has 2 nuclear, locating on level
of upper colliculi: 1. Somatic- motor nucleus, n. motorius; 2. Vegetative
parasympathetic nuclear – additional nucleus, n.accessorius (nucleus of
Yakubovich). N.oculomotorius exits from medial edge of pedunculi cerebri of
brain, then through fiisura orbitalis superior entire to eyeball. It this divided
into 2 branches:
a. Upper branch, ramus superior – goes to m. rectus superior and m. levator
palpebrae superior. b. Lower branch, ramus inferior, goes to m.rectus inferior,
m.rectus medialis and m.obliquus inferior. Radix oculomotoria goes to ganglion
ciliare from lower branch and carries parasympathetic branches for m. ciliaris and
m.sphincter pupillae.
• 2. Trochlear nerve, n. trochlearis (IV pair) has 1 motor core, located at the
level of the lower colliculi of the midbrain. The nerve leaves the brain from the
lateral side of the pedunculi of the brain, then the nerve goes into the orbit
through the superior orbital fissure, where it innervates the superior oblique
muscle of the eye.
• 3.Abduction nerve, n. abducens (VI pair) has 1 motor nucleus located in the
brain pons. The nerve leaves the brain between the pons and the pyramids of
the medulla oblongata, then the nerve enters the orbit through the superior
orbital fissure, where it innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
 ORGAN OF HEARING
• ORGAN OF HEARING consists of the outer, middle and inner ear.
• I. The outer ear, auris externa, consists of the auricle, the external auditory canal
and the eardrum.
• 1. The auricle, auricula, is formed by an elastic cartilage, covered with skin, has a
free, curved edge - curl, helix and parallel to it - antihelix, and in front there is a ledge
- tragus and antitragus behind it.
• 2. The external auditory meatus, meatus acusticus externus, is S-shaped, consists of
cartilage and bone parts. The passage is covered with skin having hair and glands
secreting earwax, glandulae ceruminosae.
• 3. The eardrum, memdrana tympani, oval, obliquely inclined plate, in the thickness
of which fibrous connective tissue is embedded, is covered with thin skin on the
outside, and inside the mucous membrane, in the center there is an umbilicus, umbo.
The membrane consists of a larger stretched part, pars tensa and the upper
unstretched part, pars flaccida, it does not contain fibrous fibers and consists only of
the skin and mucous layers.
 II. THE MIDDLE EAR
• II. THE MIDDLE EAR, auris media, consists of a tympanic
cavity, auditory ossicles, and auditory tube.
• 1. The tympanic cavity, cavitas tympanica (volume 1 cm3)
has 6 walls:
• 1. lateral - the membranous wall, paries membranaceus,
is formed by the tympanic membrane.
• 2. medial - labyrinth wall, paries labyrinthicus, formed by
a labyrinth. It has two windows: round, the cochlea
window, fenestra cochleae, tightened by the secondary
drum membrane and oval, the vestibule window,
fenestra vestibulae, the base of the stirrup is inserted into
it.
• 3. back - the mastoid wall, paries mastoideus,
communicates with the mastoid cave.
• 4. front - carotid wall, paries caroticus,
there is a carotid artery, in the upper part of
it opens the opening of the auditory tube.
• 5. the upper -is the tympanic wall, paries
tegmentalis, corresponds to the drum roof
of the temporal bone.
• 6. lower - jugular wall, paries jugularis,
adjacent to the jugular fossa.
 The auditory ossicles
• 2. The auditory ossicles are the malleus, the
anvil and the stirrup.
• 1. The malleus, malleus, has a head, neck
and handle (inserted in the navel of the
eardrum), caput, collum, manubrium mallei.
• 2. The incus, has a body, a short leg and a
long leg, corpus, crus breve, crus
longum, connecting to the head of the
stapes.
• 3. The stirrup, stapes, has anterior and
posterior legs, caput, crus anterius, crus
posterius stapedis, between which there is a
base, basis stapedis. The auditory ossicles
are connected by two joints - articulatio
incudomallearis and art. incudostapedia.
The movement of the auditory ossicles is regulated by two
muscles - 1. The muscle straining the eardrum, m. tensor
tympani, located in semicanalis m. tensor tympani of the
muscular-tubal canal (in the upper part), the muscle pulling the
handle of the malleus, strains the eardrum. 2. The muscle of
the stapes, m. stapedius, attached to the hind leg of the
stapes, is an antagonist of the previous muscle and inhibits
excessive pressure of the stapes into the vestibule.
 The auditory tube
3. The auditory tube, Eustachian, tuba
auditiva, serves to pass air from the
pharynx to the tympanic cavity and
balances atmospheric pressure with air
pressure in the tympanic cavity. It consists
of bone and cartilage parts, between them
there is an isthmus, isthmus tubae. Down
the tube ends on the side of the
nasopharynx with the pharyngeal opening
of the auditory tube, ostium pharyngeum
tubae auditivae
 III. INNER EAR, labyrinth
consists of a bone and membranous labyrinth.
I. The bone labyrinth consists of a vestibule, semicircular canals and a
cochlea.
1. The vestibulum is a small oval cavity communicating behind with 5
openings with semicircular canals, and in front with an opening with a
cochlear canal. There are two openings on the lateral wall of the vestibule —
the vestibule window, fenestra vestibuli, occupied by the stapes base and
the cochlea window, fenestra cochleae, covered by a secondary drum
membrane. On the medial wall of the vestibule there is a crest, crista
vestibuli, which divides into two depressions — an ellipsoidal recessus
ellipticus and a spherical recessus sphericus.
 Bony semicircular canals
2. Anterior, posterior and lateral bony semicircular canals. The anterior
semicircular canal, canalis semicircularis anterior, is located vertically at
right angles to the axis of the temporal bone pyramid; the posterior
semicircular canal, canalis semicircularis posterior, also vertical, is parallel to
the rear surface of the pyramid; the lateral semicircular canal, canalis
semicircularis lateralis, lies horizontally. Each channel has two legs that open
on the vestibulum of 5 holes, as the legs of the anterior and posterior canals
are connected into one leg, forming a common leg, crus commune. One of
the legs of the channels forms an expansion ampoule. The leg with the
ampoule is called the ampulla leg, crus ampullare, and the leg without it is
called the simple leg, crus simplex.
 The cochlea
3. The cochlea is formed by a spiral bony canal, canalis spiralis
cochleae, which coagulates 2.5 times around the bone rod.
The bone rod, modiolus, has a pyramid shape around which
there is a spiral bone plate, lamina spiralis ossea, which
divides the canal cavity into 2 stairs: the upper vestibule, scala
vestibuli, and the lower tympanic ladder, scala tympani. These
stairs communicate with each other at the top of the bone rod
with a hole - helicotrema.
 II. The membranous labyrinth
II.The membranous labyrinth lies inside the bone and repeats its shape. The
walls of the labyrinth are formed by a thin connective tissue membrane, inside it
there is an endolymph fluid. Between the walls of the bony and membranous
labyrinth there is a space filled with a perilymph. The membranous labyrinth is
represented by the uterus and sac; semicircular ducts; cochlear duct.
1.The uterus, utriculus (elliptical sac) and sac, sacculus (spherical sac) located in
the bony vestibule in the same fossa, they are connected by the uterine-sac duct,
ductus utriculosaccularis.
2.The anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular ducts, ductus semicircularis
anterior, posterior, lateralis, are located in the same channels, have ampoules.
3. The cochlear duct, ductus cochlearis, is located in the bone
cochlea, is folded 2.5 times and ends blindly at its apex. On
the cross section, it has three walls: one - grows together with
the bone wall of the cochlea; the other - a spiral membrane,
membrana spiralis - is a continuation of the bone spiral plate;
the third - the vestibular wall, paries vestibularis - separates
the vestibule. On the spiral membrane is a basilar plate, on
which is located the Corti organ, which has sensitive auditory
cells.
 ORGAN OF TASTE
ORGAN OF TASTE - receptors are laid in the taste buds of the papillae
of the tongue, palate and epiglottis. The bodies of I neurons are
located in the nodes of the VII pair (ganglion geniculi), the peripheral
processes are part of the tympanic string from the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue; IX pairs (ganglion inferius), peripheral processes occur in the
glossopharyngeal nerve from the posterior third of the tongue and X
pairs (ganglion inferius), peripheral the processes are part of the
superior laryngeal nerve from the epiglottis and the root of the
tongue. The bodies of II neurons are embedded in the sensitive nuclei
of these nerves. The bodies of III neurons are in the thalamus. The
cortical end is a para-hippocampal gyrus, hook, hippocampus.
 OLFACTORY ORGAN
OLFACTORY ORGAN- receptors located in the mucous membrane of the
superior nasal concha and adjacent nasal septum, the bodies of I neurons
are laid here, the axons of which as part of the olfactory nerves penetrate
through the perforated plate of the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulb,
the bodies of II neurons are laid here, the axons of which are part of
olfactory tract and end in the cells of the olfactory triangles, the anterior
perforated substance (body III of neurons). The cortical end is a para-
hippocampal gyrus.
 Questions for lesson preparation:

• 1) Eyeball structure, eye membranes

• 2) Inner core of the eye
• 3) Eye muscles, eye muscles innervation
• 4) Eye lacrimal apparatus
• 5) Outer ear
• 6) Middle ear
• 7) Inner ear
• 8) Organs of smell and taste