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Optoelectronic Design
In a previous lecture, the question was asked: What are convex (negative)
mirrors used for?
One very common use is for the right-side rear-view mirror on an automobile.
W
θ θ’ R
L2
L1
Driver
The engineering design task is: Given the size constraints of the
mirrors, W, and the geometry of the car layout, L1 , L2 ; Find R
such that θ = θ’. (i.e., make the driver’s field of view equal
on both sides.)
Other Issues with Convex Mirrors
Observer
l f’ C
l’ Or, in other words:
The following lenses all have the same focal length, but different shape factors:
X<-1 X=-1 X=0 X=1 X>1
c1 c2
The first surface of the lens can then be made variable without changing the power of the lens.
Shape Factor and Aberration
The lens’s aberrations will change as its shape factor changes, since
this changes the real angles of incidence of the rays impinging on it.
We can monitor the aberrations using the operands available in the
Merit Function Editor (MFE):
Click on the ‘Help’ menu item in the MFE to bring up the operand list:
The list goes on for several pages. Clicking on an operand brings
up the definition and instructions for use.
For example, clicking on ‘COMA’ in the above list gives this information box:
The terms “Surf” and “Wave” refer to the columns in the MFE (Merit
Function Editor) which will be labeled as such when the COMA operand is
entered.
Other operands for third-order aberrations of interest are:
• SPHA: Spherical Aberration
• FCUR: Field Curvature
• ASTI: Astigmatism
Install these four operands in the MFE, setting the “Surf” value to “0”, so
that the aberration sum for both surfaces is returned:
(Here, the “Hide Column” feature under the “View” menu has been
used to shrink unused columns in the editor.)
We set Zemax up with two field points at ∞, one on axis and one at
5 degrees (since only spherical aberration exists on axis – the others
require an off-axis field):
60
40
Aberration in
Waves
20
-20
-40
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Shape Factor
Shape Factor
Expanded View:
Spherical & Coma vs. Shapefactor
Sph Abb
20 Coma
15
10
-5
-10
As can be seen from the close-up, both S.A. and Coma are
minimized at a Shape Factor of ~0.7
Adding weights to the spherical aberration and Coma lines of our MFA:
Plus making the radius of the first lens surface variable and optimizing,
we get this lens (R1=11.7825, R2=-79.00985, Shape Factor = 0.7405):
Aberration in Waves
‘best form’, but the S.A. is
negative whereas the S.A. for
a positive lens is positive.
Close up view:
Here is the LDE for the starting system:
And here are the curvature solves on the second surface of each
element:
Here is the 3rd order aberrations plot.
Note that the negative lens (surfaces 4&5) has aberrations of the opposite sign
from the positive lens (surfaces 2&3), and that some aberration correction is
already taking place, even though we haven’t optimized it.
A second off-axis field has been added to allow Zemax to calculate the off-axis aberrations.
No chromatic aberrations are reported, as only one wavelength has been defined.
Here are the TRA plot and the Wavefront Map for the on-
axis field:
Here is the Merit Function Editor (MFE)
Notes:
• Only lines 1 & 2 (spherical and coma) are weighted. We are not trying to do
everything at once.
• Lines 10 & 16 give the shape factors of lens 1 and 2 respectively. Many calculations
are possible (with some awkwardness) in the MFE.
• The operand “DMFS” (Default Merit Function Start) at the end makes sure that, if I
add the default merit function (“Design – Sequential Merit Function”), it won’t
overwrite my own operands.
Optimize the doublet shapes by opening the “Local Optimization” dialog box
(“Tools-Design-Local Optimization”, or just the “Opt” tab at the top of the Zemax
window).
As also reported by
the Seidel Plot:
While the TRA plot still shows some S.A., note the scale on the
diagram --- 0.1 µm. The wavelength for this system was set at
0.55 µm. A report of 1/5 wave TRA is completely meaningless, as
the ray trace assumptions are not valid at that scale.
u1 =0 u’1=u2
Assume K1, K2 are thin lenses: h1 h2
u’2
let n1 n1 n2 n2 1.0 d1
n1 n’2
n’1 = n2
f
K1 K2
And, by induction, h2 h3 hn
K K1 K 2 K 3 K n
for n lenses: h1 h1 h1
h2 h3 hn
K K1 K 2 K 3 K n
h1 h1 h1
h1 h2
Remember that the ray heights referred to are those of a ray traced
into the system parallel to the axis – the ray that is used to define the
power of a combination of lenses.
Returning to our corrected doublet:
Suppose we select a range of wavelengths covering the
visible and see how the system behaves:
Looking at a stretched and zoomed section of the layout, we
see that the red, green, and blue wavelengths don’t focus at
the same distance:
This aberration is also shown in the “Chromatic focal Shift” analysis window
(“Analysis – Miscellaneous – Chromatic Focal Shift”), which shows ~ 1.5 mm
change in focal length over the visible.
Here is the Seidel (3rd order) aberration plot. Note that “Axial
Color” (another term for ‘chromatic focal shift’) is the largest
remaining aberration. There are both positive and negative
contributions, however – perhaps to correct for axial color we
need another degree of freedom.
Dispersion and Achromats
Zemax’s “Glass Map” (‘Analysis – Glass and Gradient Index – Glass Map’):
Dispersion
1. nF = n(0.486µm) (blue)
2. nd = n(0.588µm) (green)
3. nC = n((0.656µm) (red)
Dispersion
In the “glass map”, the index of refraction is the index at the d line
(nd), and the ‘Abbe Number’ (often called the “V-number” by those
who aren’t sure how to pronounce “Abbe”) is:
nd 1
Vd
nF nC
The significance of this value follows from the calculation of the
chromatic variation of power for a thin lens.
Power at d: K d nd 1 c1 c2 nd 1 C
Power at F: nF 1 C
Power at C: nC 1 C
K F KC nF 1 C nC 1 C nF nC 1
Consider:
Kd nd 1 C nd 1 Vd
Kd
Hence: K F KC
Vd
Dispersion
From the image equation, we have: .
Given that the
1 1 1 1 Object distances
K F , and KC are all the same:
l F lF lC lC
1 1 Kd
l F lC l d
K F KC
l F lC Vd
K1 K 2
0 where the K’s are implicitly
V1 V2 calculated at the d wavelength.
Achromats
K1 K The lenses
The condition that the combination have zero
2 chromatic focal
focal shift between the F and C wavelengths is: V1 V2 shifts cancel each
other.
V1K V2K
K1 and K2
V1 V2 V1 V2