1.

INDIVIDUAL

GAPS/VULNERABILITY
2. SYSTEM/ PROCESS/
STRUCTURE

3. EXTERNALITES
 VULNERABILITY/GAPS/FLAWS
OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR BELIEF, ATTITUDE
LOW MORALE APATHY
STRESS, PRESSURE INDIFFERENCE
UNSKILLED SELF-CENTERED
INCOMPETENCE OVER RELIANCE TO ACTUAL
PRACTICE
INDIVIDUAL UNMET NEEDS NON-COMPLIANCE OF THE
RULES OR POLICY
MULTI-TASKING BY PASSING MANAGER OR
SUBORDINATE
OVER FAMILIARITY WITH INTERNAL CONTROL
CONTRACTORS DISREGARDED
 VULNERABILITY/GAPS/FLAWS
UNRELIABLE INCONSISTENT APPLICATION
INFORMATION OF RULES
WORKING PROCESS DEVIATES FROM THE
SPACE RULES AND STANDARD
WEAK MONITORING UNCLEAR AND BURDENSOME
RULES
ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM, ABSENCE OF WEAK INTERNAL
TRANSPARENCY CONTROLS
POLICY, PROCESS, SERVICE
LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY POOR MANAGEMENT
OVERSIGHT/ SUPERVISION
MISUSE OF RESOURCES NO CLEAR LINE OF AUTHORITY
WIDE DISCRETION NO REVIEW MECHANISM
LACK OF COMMUNICATION INEFFECTIVE/INEFFICIENT
SERVICE
VULNERABILITY/GAPS/FLAWS
SOCIAL NORM PEER GROUP
STAKEHOLDERS STRONG FAMILY
TIES
EXTERNALITIES/ CULTURE OF GIFT UTANG NA LOOB
ENVIRONMENT GIVING
EXPECTATIONS RECIPROCITY
MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
 BRIBERY
MALVERSATION
LOSS/THEFT
GAPS/VULNERABILITY
1. INDIVIDUAL
CONFLICT OF
INTEREST

CORRUPTION RISK
2. SYSTEM/ PROCESS/ NEGLECT OF DUTY
STRUCTURE DISCLOSURE OF
CONFIDENTIAL
3. EXTERNALITES INFORMATION
ABUSE OF
AUTHORITY
 WHAT IS Corruption is the abuse of entrusted
power for private gain. (World
CORRUPTION? Bank)

Corruption is a behavior which

deviates from the standard norms of
conduct and value that regulate the
behavior of a public servant.
(Andvig and Fjeldstad)
 BRIBERY
FALSIFICATION/ FRAUD
MALVERSATION
EMBEZZLEMENT
FORMS OF LOSS/THEFT OF RESOURCES
CORRUPTION CONFLICT OF INTEREST
NEPOTISM
NEGLECT OF DUTY
DISCLOSURE OF
CONFIDENTAIL INFORMATION
GIVING OF UNDUE ADVANTAGE
 KICKBACKS
TONGPATS
SCHEME OF LAGAY (GREASE MONEY)
BRIBERY TONG (PROTECTION MONEY)
COMMISSION
AREGLO/FIXER
SOP
TARA
 ANY INTEGRITY RISK OR CORRUPTION
ISSUE, DEDUCIBLE FROM OBSERVABLE
WHAT IS GAPS, ISSUES, CONCERNS OR FLAWS IN
THE SYSTEM WHICH WHEN
CORRUPTION INADEQUATELY MANAGED AND
ADDRESSED MAY RIPEN INTO ACTUAL
RISK? CORRUPTION.

ALL FORMS OF GAPS IN THE SYSTEM,

UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR OR
INEFFICIENCY THAT HAVE THE
POTENTIAL RISK OF GROWING INTO
‘REAL’ CORRUPTION WHEN NOT
PROPERLY MANAGED.
 GAPS, FLAWS AND VULNERABILITIES
VS
CORRUPTION RISK
AREAS OF CORRUPTION RISK CORRUPTION
VULNERABILITY FORMS OF VULNERABILITY SCHEME
VALUE, BELIEF, NEEDS, LOW KICKBACKS
INDIVIDUAL MORALE TONGPATS
LACK OF TRANSPARENCY & LAGAY (GREASE
ORGANIZATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY; ABSENCE OF MONEY)
STRUCTURE, SYSTEM, CLEAR RULES, WIDE TONG
POLICY DISCRETION, LOW SALARY BRIBERY (PROTECTION
MONEY)
SOCIAL NORM, PEER GROUP, COMMISSION
STAKEHOLDERS AREGLO/FIXER
ENVIRONMENT STRONG FAMILY TIES, CULTURE SOP
OF GIFT GIVING, UTANG NA
LOOB