LANGUAGE CUES AND VISUAL

REPRESENTATION OF TEXT
STRUCTURES
DEFINITION

 A definition text explains the nature of something.

 It describes the thing being defined and / or cites examples of it.

 Sample Language cues:

 (verbs) is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means
 (words that refer to composition) contain, make up, involves
 (words that suggest likeness) as, appears to be, refers to
 (words to refer to a class or genus) a form of, a branch of, a
type of, a kind of, etc.
DEFINITION
 Sample:
Texting, as an abbreviated form of writing used on mobile
phones and pages with tiny screens and keyboards, suspends
normal conventions of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. It is
a hybrid construct, combining elements of writing with speech
forms but its mixing takes entirely new resonances and
characteristics. Texting appears as though people are talking
when in fact they are writing. Texting resembles speech because
of its “ethereal and fleeting” qualities (Young, 1994). Yet it also
resembles written text because text has physicality in the form
of the words and symbols printed on the screen.
DEFINITION
 Sample:
Texting, as an abbreviated form of writing used on mobile
phones and pages with tiny screens and keyboards, suspends
normal conventions of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. It is
a hybrid construct, combining elements of writing with speech
forms but its mixing takes entirely new resonances and
characteristics. Texting appears as though people are talking
when in fact they are writing. Texting resembles speech because
of its “ethereal and fleeting” qualities (Young, 1994). Yet it also
resembles written text because text has physicality in the form
of the words and symbols printed on the screen.
 DEFINITION
Graphic
Organizer
Definition
Definition / Details
/ Details

Subject/
Topic

Definition Definition
/ Details / Details
DESCRIPTION

 A descriptive text gives concrete details about the appearance,

characteristics, and actions.

 Sample language cues:

 Adj to describe size: huge, small
 Adj to describe shape: spherical, rectangular
 Adj to describe position: middle, top
 Adj to describe texture: rough, smooth
 Adj to describe color: verdant green
 Adj phrases: four-day weekend
DESCRIPTION

 Sample:
Mercado House…. This early Spanish period house has a
typical elongated floor plan where rooms follow each other in a
train-like sequence. Typical too is the wooden projecting upper
floor cantilevered by the adobe zaguan. The façade is severely
simple windows of plain slatted capiz. Its floor plan is quite
introverted in the sense that bedrooms dominate the upper area
fronting the main street, thus leaving no space for the usual
“grandstand” where one usually watch parades of processions
outside. Recurring themes are thick doors and grand arches.
DESCRIPTION

 Sample:
Mercado House…. This early Spanish period house has a
typical elongated floor plan where rooms follow each other in a
train-like sequence. Typical too is the wooden projecting upper
floor cantilevered by the adobe zaguan. The façade is severely
simple windows of plain slatted capiz. Its floor plan is quite
introverted in the sense that bedrooms dominate the upper area
fronting the main street, thus leaving no space for the usual
“grandstand” where one usually watch parades of processions
outside. Recurring themes are huge thick doors and grand
arches.
 DESCRIPTION
Graphic
Organizer

General Description Description of specific parts

Main Topic
 DESCRIPTION
Graphic
Organizer
Descriptive
Descriptive details
details

Main
Topic

Descriptive Descriptive
details details
RECOUNT OF SEQUENCE

 It is a chronological narration of a historical period,

sequential description of a process or a procedure.

 Sample language cues:

 First, second, now, before, after, then, finally, while, meanwhile,
during, etc.
RECOUNT OF SEQUENCE

Sample:

Break four eggs in a bowl and beat for about 5 minutes or until the
white is evenly mixed with the yolk. Next, pour 1 small can of
condensed milk and ½ small can of evaporated milk into the bowl and
mix. Se this aside. Then, place a llanera or leche flan mold over low
fire and prepare the caramel by melting five (5) tablespoons of washed
sugar in a little water until it thickens. Set this aside until the caramel
cools and hardens. Afterwards, pour the mixture of egg and milk into
the llanera and cover it with aluminum foil. Put the llanera into a
steamer and cook for about 10 minutes. Finally, to test if it is ready,
use a toothpick; if some solid particles stick to it, it’s done.
 RECOUNT OF SEQUENCE
Graphic
Organizer Date and/or
impt events

Date and/or Date and/or

impt events impt events

Sequence of Sequence of Sequence of

events/ actions/ events/ actions/ events/ actions/
process process process
CAUSE-EFFECT

 A cause-effect text presents reasons why a situation is

obtained. Though logically, the cause comes before the
result, in academic writing, it is the effect that is presented
first, to achieve a more dramatic result.

 Sample language cues:

 (for effect): so, so that, as a result, consequently, thus, accordingly
 (for cause): due to, as a result of, because of, a cause of
 CAUSE-EFFECT
Graphic
Organizer
Effect 1
[or Cause 1]

Cause 1 Effect 2
[or Effect 1] [or Cause 2]

Effect 3
[or Cause 3]
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 A problem solution text starts off with a negative situation

(problem) and ends with a positive situation (solution)

 Sample language cues:

 The problem/ dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an
answer to, addresses the problem of
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 A problem solution text starts off with a negative situation

(problem) and ends with a positive situation (solution)

 Sample language cues:

 The problem/ dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an
answer to, addresses the problem of
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Graphic
Organizer

Solution 1

Problem: Solution 2

Solution 3
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Graphic
Organizer
Who:
Problem: What:
Why:

Attempted Solution: Who:

What:

Result: What:
Why:

Final Outcome: Positive:

Negative:
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

 In a comparison contrast text, similarities and differences are

presented.

 Sample language cues:

 (similarities) similarly, in like manner, in the same way
 (differences) on the other hand, on the contrary, the opposite,
compare to, in contrast, although, unless, however
 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
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Organizer

Point of Comparison Subject A Subject B

 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Graphic
Organizer
ENUMERATION

 It is a listing, as in list of parts, of characteristics, of

examples, etc.

 Sample language cues:

 To start with, first, second, in addition, next, then,
another, finally, also
 ENUMERATION
Graphic
Organizer
Main Topic

Detail 1

Detail 2

Detail 3

Detail n
CLASSIFICATION

 A classification text presents groupings, types, classes,

categories, and subcategories that constitute a concept,
presented in hierarchal order. Examples are species of
animals, television shows, types of learning modalities

 Sample language cues:

 There are several types/ kinds of, a part of, groups, kinds,
types, classes of, another kind of, divided into.
CLASSIFICATION
Graphic
Organizer

General category

Sub-category 1 Sub-category 2 Sub-category 3

THESIS-EVIDENCE

 Primarily to serve the purpose of arguing a point/ position or

interpretation, the Thesis-Evidence text organization or
though pattern may be arranged deductively (general down
to supporting details) or inductively (specific – general)

 Sample language cues:

 Assert, claim, prove/ show that, support, evidence, proof,
argument
THESIS-EVIDENCE
Graphic
Organizer

Evidence 1

Thesis/Main Idea Evidence 2

Evidence 2