Forces and Moment on a Piping System

 FORCE : the forces is a vector quantity with the

direction and magnitude of the push (compression),
pull (tension) , or shear effects.
 MOMENT: Moment is a vector quantity with the
direction and magnitude of twisting and bending
effects.
 Forces and Moments acting on the piping system
due to different types of loading, such as thermal
expansion and dead weight.
Stress is the force per unit area
Pipe for Severe Cyclic Conditions
STATIC and DYNAMIC LOADS
 Loading affecting the piping system can be
classified as primary and secondary.
 Primary loading occurs from sustained loads like
dead weight (non-self limiting loads)
 Secondary loading is a thermal expansion load (self
limiting loads)
STATIC LOADS
 Weight effect (live loads and dead loads)
 Live loads include weight of content, snow, and ice
loads
 Dead loads consist of weight of piping valves, flanges,
insulation, and superimposed permanent loads.
 Thermal expansion and contraction effects
 Effect of support, anchor, and terminal movements
 Internal or external pressure loading
DYNAMIC LOADS
 Impact forces
 Wind
 Seismic loads
 Vibration
 Discharge loads
Piping Material Properties
 Thermal effect include thermal loads that arise
when free thermal expansion or contraction is
prevented by supports or anchors.
 The coefficient of linear expansion of a solid is
defined as the increment of length in a unit length
for a change in temperature of one degree.
Piping Material Properties
 The unit is microinches per inch per ⁰F
 Installation temperature = 70⁰F
Piping Material Properties
Piping Material Properties
 The unit for the mean coefficient of thermal
expansion between 70⁰F and the given temperature
is given as inches of expansion per 100 ft of pipe
length in Table A.1 (ASME B31.3 Piping Code)
 To convert from inch/inch/⁰F to inch/100 ft, we can
use the following relation.
 Expansion coefficient (in/100 ft) = coefficient x 12
x 100 (design temp. – installation temp.)
Piping Material Properties
 Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus, E, is unit
stress divided by unit strain.
 For most structural materials the modulus of elasticity
for compression is the sama as for tension
 Value of E decreases with an increase in temperature.
 The ratio of unit lateral contraction to unit axial
elongation is called Poisson’s ratio
 Codes allow a value of 0.3 to be used at all
temperatures for all metals.
Piping Material Properties
Piping Material Properties
 Specific gravity: the specific gravity of a solid or
liquid is the rasio of the mass of an equal volume of
water at some standard temperature (physicists use 39⁰
F and engineers use 60⁰ F)
 The specific gravity of gases is usually expressed in
terms of hydrogen and air
 Density: the density, ρ, is the mass per unit volume of
the fluid. The unit is lb/in³
 Specific weight: the specific weight ω is the weight per
unit volume.
Piping Material Properties
EXAMPLE
 Find the linear thermal expansion (in/100 ft)
between 70 and 392⁰F for carbon steel.
 Coefficient for 375⁰F = 2.48 in/100 ft
 Coefficient for 400⁰F = 2.70 in/100 ft
 Difference per degree in expansion = (2.7-2.48)/25
= 0.0088
 By linear interpolation, expansion for 392⁰F = 2.48
+ (392 – 375)(0.0088) = 2.63 in/100 ft.
EXAMPLE
 Find the modulus of elasticity for austenitic steel at
 - 200⁰F
 70 ⁰F
 625 ⁰F
 E at -200⁰F = 29.9 x 10⁶ psi
 E at 70⁰F = 28.3 x 10⁶ psi
 E for 625⁰F should be interpolated between values of
600⁰F and 700⁰F
 E at 600⁰F = 25.4 x 10⁶ psi
 E at 700⁰F = 24.8 x 10⁶ psi
 E for 625⁰F = 25.4 – 25(25.4-24.8)/100 = 25.25 x 10⁶ psi
PIPING SPECIFICATION
 Piping specification is written for each service such
as steam, air, oxygen, and caustic. The specificatian
contains information about piping material,
thickness, recommended valves, flanges, branch
connection, and instrument connection.
EXAMPLE
 An 8 in. pipe needs a pipe with thichness of 80 schedule
(which allows for ⅛ in. corrosion allowance and maximum
internal pressure of 200 psig up to 150⁰ F) with a bevel-
edged A53 Grade B seamless. The globe valve used is crane
351¼. The flanges are of 150 psi pressure rating with raised
face and weld neck slip type. The material of the flange is A-
105 (ANSI B16.5). The requirement for the branch
connection (weldolet or tee) is given on the branch
connection table. For an 8 in. header and a 3 in., the
weldolet is required for given internal pressure. The
pressure and temperature conditions in the pipeline should
always be within the pressure-temperature curve given in
specification.
FLEXIBILITY
 Piping system should have sufficient flexibility so
that thermal expansion or contraction or
movements of supports and internal point will not
cause:
 Failure of piping or support from overstress or fatigue
 Leakage at joints
 Detrimental stresses or distortion in piping or in
connected equipment (punps, vessels, or valves)
resulting from excessive thrusts or moments in the
piping
FLEXIBILITY
 The purpose of piping flexibility analysis is to
produce a piping layout that causes neither
excessive stresses nor excessive end reactions
 To achieve this, layout should not be stiff
 It is also not desirable to make the system
unnecessarily flexible because this requires excess
materials, thus increasing initial cost.
 More length with many bends increases pressure
drop, which increases operating cost.
 The thermal force is developed when both ends of a
hot piping are restrained is enormous and is also
independent of the length of piping
 Thermal force = E (strain due to expansion)(metal
area)
EXAMPLE
 Calculate the force developed in a 10 in. sch 40 carbon
steel pipe A53 grade B subjected to 200⁰F from an
installation temperature of 70⁰F.
 The metal area of a 10 in. sch 40 pipe is 11.9 in² (Table
A4)
 The expansion coefficien at 200⁰F is 0.99 in/100 ft
(Table A1)
 E = 27.9 x 10⁶ psi (Table A2)
 F = EαA = 27.9 x 10⁶ x 0.99/(100x12) x 11.9 = 273,908 lb
 The layout of a piping system provides inherent
flexibility through changes in direction. The stiff
piping system shown in figure 1.4 can be made
flexible in different ways
 Figure 1.5 shown the inclusion of an expansion
loop if space permits.
 An expansion joint may be added

 The equipment may be turn by 90 degrees and the

leg absorb the expansion
PIPE SUPPORT
 Anchor: a rigid restraint providing substantially
full fixity for three translations and rotations about
the three reference axes.
 Brace: a device primarily intended to resist
displacement of the piping due to action of any
force other than those due to thermal expansion or
to gravity.
PIPE SUPPORT
 Constant Effort Support: a support capable of
applying a relatively constant force at any
displacement within its usefull operating range
PIPE SUPPORT
 Damping Device: a dashpot or othe frictional
device that increases the damping of a system
PIPE SUPPORT
 Hanger: a support by which piping is suspended
from a structure
 LIMIT STOP:
 RESILIENT SUPPORT:
 RESTING OR SLIDING SUPPORT:
 RESTRAINT:
 RIGID SUPPORT:
 STOP:
 SUPPORT:
 TWO AXIS STOP:
The Guided Cantilever Method
 One of the simplified methods used in piping
design is known as the guided cantilever method.
 Because deflections are assumed to occur in a
single plane system under the guided cantilever
approximation
The Guided Cantilever Method
 The deflection capacity of a cantilever under this
assumption can be solve by eq. 1.3.
 Δ = 144 L² SA/3 E D₀ . . . . . . . (1.3)
 Δ = permissible deflection, inches.
 SA = allowable stress range, psi.
 L = length of leg needed to absorb the expansion,
feet
 D₀ = outside diameter of pipe, inches.
The Guided Cantilever Method
 The limitations of the guided cantilever method are
 The system has only two terminal points and it is
composed of staight legs of a pipe with uniform size
thickness and square corner intersections.
 All legs are parallel to the coordinate axes.
 Thermal expansion is absorbed only by legs in a
perpendicular direction.
Example

 Calculate leg L required for the two anchor

problem and force P given above.
 Pipe outside diameter = 4½ in.
 Thickness = 0.237 in.
 Expansion coefficiens = 4 in./100 ft
 Stress range = SA = 15,000 psi
 Cold Modulus = 27.9 x 10⁶ psi
 Deflection Δ = 1½ + 20(4/100) = 2.3 in.
 L =√((3 ED₀Δ)/144 SA )=
√((3x27.9x10⁶x4.5x2.3)/144(15,000)) = 20.03 ft
 Bending stress = Sb = moment/Z = PL/2Z
 Mean radius r = ½[(4.5 + 4.5 -2(0.237))/2] = 2.13
in.
 Z = section modulus = πr²(thickness) =
π(2.13)²(0.237) = 3.38 in³
 Force P = 2 Sb Z/L = 2(15,000)(3.38)/20.03(12) =
421.8 lb.