CÁLCULO NUMÉRICO

INTEGRACIÓN NUMÉRICA : Método del trapecio

(b; f(b)) f(x)

P(x)
f(b) –f(a) b b
A   f ( x) dx   P(x) dx
(a; f(a))
a a
b-a

a b
f (b )  f ( a )
P( x)  ( x  a)  f (a)
ba
f (b)( x  a )  f ( a )( x  a )  f ( a )(b  a )
P( x) 
ba
( x  a ) f (b)  (  x  a  b  a ) f ( a )
P( x) 
ba
( x  a ) f (b )  ( b  x ) f ( a )
P( x) 
ba
 b b
( x  a ) f (b )  ( b  x ) f ( a )
b
A   f ( x) dx   P(x)dx  dx
a a a
ba
f (b ) f (a)
b b
 
(b  a ) a
( x  a )dx  
(b  a ) a
(b  x )dx 
b b
f (b )  1 2  f (a)  1 2
  x  ax    bx  x  
(b  a )  2  a (b  a )  2 a
f (b )  1 2 1 2 f (a)  1 2 1 2
  b  ab  a    b  ab  a  
(b  a )  2 2  (b  a )  2 2 
f (b )  f ( a )  1 2 1 2  f (b )  f ( a ) 1
 b  a 
2
  b  ab  a  
(b  a )  2 2  (b  a ) 2
(b  a )

2
 f (b )  f ( a ) 

(b  a)
b b
A   f ( x) dx   P( x) dx 
2
 f (b)  f (a)
a a
 (b  a )
b b
A   f ( x ) dx
a
 a P( x) dx  2  f (b)  f (a)
(x1  x0 )
x1 x1

f(x)
A1   f (x) dx   P1(x)dx 
2
 f (x1)  f (x0 )
f ( x3 ) x0 x0
f ( x2 )
(x2  x1)
x2 x2

f ( x1 ) A2   f (x) dx   P2(x)dx 
2
 f (x2)  f (x1)
x1 x1

f ( x0 )
(x3  x2)
x3 x3
A2
 f (x3)  f (x2)
A1 A3
A3   f (x) dx   P3(x)dx 
a  x0 x1 x2 b  x x2 x3
2
3

Si tomamos particiones regulares , resulta: (x1  x0 )  (x2  x1)  (x3  x2)  h

Luego resulta: (b  a )  ( x1  x0 )  ( x2  x1 )  ( x3  x2 )  3h
(b  a )
Así : h
3
 A  A1  A2  A3 (x1  x0 )  (x2  x1)  (x3  x2)  h
(x1  x0 )
A1 
2
 f (x1
)  f (x0 
)
h
A1   f (x1)  f (x0)
2
(x2  x1) h
A2 
2
 f (x2)  f (x1) A2   f (x2)  f (x1)
2
(x3  x2) h
A3   f (x3)  f (x2) A3   f (x3)  f (x2)
2 2
h
A  A1  A2  A3   f (x1)  f (x0 )  f (x2)  f (x1 )   f (x3)  f (x2) 
2
h
A  A1  A2  A3   f (x0 ) 2f (x1) 2f (x2)  f (x3)
2
h 2

A  A1  A2  A3   f (x0 ) 2f (xi )  f (x3)
2 i1 
 h 2
 h 2
A  A1  A2  A3   f ( x0 )  2 f ( xi )  f ( x3 )   f ( x0 )  f ( x3 ) h f ( xi )
2 i 1  2 i 1

n1
h
A  A1  A2  A3... Ai1 , Ai ... An   f (x0 )  f (xn ) h f (xi )
f(x) 2 i1

n 1
h
A   f ( x0 )  f ( xn ) h f ( xi )
2 i 1

(b  a )
h
n
a  x0 xi 1 xi b  xn

Para programar en Excel tomaremos las siguientes fórmulas

h n1

A  A1  A2  ..... An1 An   f (a)  2 f ( xi )  f (b)
2 i 1 
b  n.h  a siendo a  x0 ; b  xn