UNPACKING THE SELF

Chapter 2
 THE PHYSICAL SELF
 According to William James, the body is the initial
source of sensation and necessary for the origin and
maintenance of personality.
 Sigmund Freud believe that the body is the core of
human experience in constructing the self and
personality.
 Erik Erickson believe that experience is anchored in
the ground plan of the body especially in the early
stages of life.
 Carl Gustav Jung posit that the physical body and
the external world are known as psychological
experiences.
 B.F. Skinners believe that the body is very much
important and personality and self are just
explanatory fictions.
The Impact of Culture on Body Image and
Self Esteem
 Cultural Traditions Can Help or Hurt
 Culture can impact how we feel about ourselves and the
manner in which we think about our body.
 IT can also contribute to body image either in negative or
positive way thus affecting our self – esteem.
 Culture can be either conducive or resistant to the building of
a healthy body image and self esteem.
  
The Impact of Western Culture
 Western Culture in general tends to hyper focus on
dieting and body appearance.
 Example: digitally retouched photos
 This mentality can negatively influence an individual’s
body image.
 Other culture that uphold what a person is capable of
doing rather than appearance are more effective in
building a positive body image.
What to do about the influence of culture

 One should be aware of one’s surroundings and

understand how culture and traditions impact your
thinking and feeling about your body especially
when building a positive body image and
increasing self –esteem. This is a great step in
making a difference on how you feel about
yourself.
 THE SEXUAL SELF

 The sexual self highlights biological and

environmental factors that shape sexual development.
It is also characterized as persons’ evaluation of his or
her own sexual feelings or actions. It also perceives in
viewing ourselves.
Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics and the Human
Reproductive System

 Sexual differentiation begins during gestation,

when the gonads are formed.
 The general structure and shape of the body and
face, as well as sex hormone levels, are similar in
preadolescent boys and girls.
 As puberty begins and sex hormone levels rise, differences appear,
though some changes are similar in males and females.
 Male levels of testosterone directly induce the growth of the
genitals, and indirectly (via dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
 Estradiol and other hormones cause breasts to develop in females.
 fetal or neonatal androgens may modulate later breast
development by reducing the capacity of breast tissue to respond
to later estrogen.
 Underarm hair and pubic hair are usually considered secondary
sex characteristics, but may also be considered non-secondary
sex characteristics because they are features of both sexes
following puberty.
 Puberty is the stage of development at which
individuals become sexually mature.
 The maturation of the reproductive system and the
development of the secondary sex characteristics is
the result of the combined release of hormones from
the hypothalamus called the hgonadotropin (GnRH),
tha anterior pituitary (luteinizing Hormone (LH) ang
the Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the
gonads (either testosterone or estrogen)
 Development of the Secondary Sexual
Characteristics
Male Female
 Penis and scrotum grow  Breast develop and mature
 Facial hair grows  Hips broaden
 Larynx elongates, lowering voice
 Pubic hair grows
 Shoulder Broaden
 Body, armpit and pubic hair
grow
 Musculature increases body wide
 Female growth spur normally starts at the age of 9
to 11 and may last 2 years of more. Height may
increase 3 inches a year.
 After puberty, menstruation comes next which is
called menarche.
 For male, the first ejaculation happens
approximately at the age of 15 but may vary across
individual.
 Male growth spur at the age of 11 – 13 but may
continue through early 20s.
Human Reproductive System
 Essential Features
 liberation of an ovum, or egg, at a specific
time in the reproductive cycle
 internal fertilization of the ovum by
spermatozoa, or sperm cells,
 transport of the fertilized ovum to the uterus,
or womb,
 implantation of the blastocyst, the early embryo
developed from the fertilized ovum, in the wall of the
uterus,
 formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn
child during the entire period of gestation,
 birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta,
 suckling and care of the child, with an eventual return
of the maternal organs to virtually their original state.
 The Human Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
 Known as the arousal phase.
 It occurs as a result of mental erotic stimuli such as
kissing, making out or reviewing erotic images that
leads to sexual arousal.
 This stage prepares the body for sexual intercourse
 Foreplay that includes, physical and emotional
interaction and stimulation of the erogenous zones
establish initial arousal.
Plateau phase
 the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm
 The phase is characterized by an increased circulation and
heart rate in both sexes, increased sexual pleasure with
increased stimulation and further increased muscle tension.
 Respiration is also elevated.
 Both men and women may also begin to vocalize
involuntarily at this stage.
 Prolonged time in the plateau phase without progression to
the orgasmic phase may result in sexual frustration.
Orgasm phase
 the conclusion of the plateau phase which is
experienced by both male and female.
 This is characterized by muscle contractions,
 It is often associated with involuntary actions
including vocalization and muscle spasm
 Euphoric sensation is felt and heart rate
increase
Resolution phase
 occurs after orgasm and allows the muscles to
relax, blood pressure to drop and the body to slow
down from its excited state
 The refractory period, which is part of the
resolution phase, is the time frame in which
usually a man is unable to orgasm again, though
women can also experience a refractory period.
The Chemistry of Love: lust, attraction, and
attachment

 Love can be distilled into three

categories: lust, attraction, and
attachment.
Lust – Testosterone and Estrogen
 The first stage of romantic love
 lust is defined as having an intense sexual desire towards someone,
therefore, lust is driven by having a desire to achieve sexual
gratification.
 This is common among all living species and it is through
reproduction that genes are passed for the continuity of species.
 The hypothalamus plays an major role in the stimulation of the
production of sex hormones: Estrogen and testosterone
 Testosterone increases libido in both gender but more on men.
 Estrogen promotes the testosterone which increases sex drive and
oxytocin which is commonly known as “the love hormone” which
is released during physical contact and sexual climax.
Attraction – Dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin
 is closely related to lust and while one can be linked to
the other and vice versa, they can also occur without the
other.
 Attraction is associated with the ‘reward’ pathways in
the brain that influence our behavior. Hormones related
to the reward pathways induce feelings of pleasure when
we do things that feels good to us.
 Dopamine form the hypothalamus is released when we
spend time with someone we are attracted to or when we
engage in sexual intercourse with them.
 Dopamine is a natural stimulant that feels you with
emotions of ecstasy.
 Dopamine is also involved in focus and attention, which
explains why you cannot get that one special person out
of your head and when you are with them as, during this
stage, you are ‘hyper-focused’ on their presence and the
way they make you feel.
 Norepinephrine also referred to as noradrenaline, may
sound familiar to you, this is because it plays an important
role in our ‘fight or flight’ response to stressful situations
and keeps us alert.
 the combination of dopamine and norepinephrine allows
us to feel energetic, euphoric and even giddy. These
hormones may also lead to insomnia and a decreased
appetite. Basically, these are why you can be so attracted
to someone that you can’t sleep or eat.
 Serotonin is the final hormone associated with attraction.
 This hormone is a vital neurotransmitter that aids in the regulation of
social behaviour, mood, memory, appetite, digestion and sexual
desire.
 serotonin levels begin to decline during the attraction phase. Cortisol
(also known as the stress hormone) levels increase during the initial
stage of falling in love, which allows for our bodies to deal with the
‘crisis’ or ‘stressful situation’ that romantic love is perceived by the
body to be on a physiological level.
 As chemicals flood the reward centre of the brain, our hearts race,
palms sweat, cheeks flush and we are overwhelmed with emotions
of anxiety and passion.
Attachment – Oxytocin and Vasopressin
 predominant factor in defining the success of
long-term relationships.
 This stage refers to a more meaningful bond
developing between two people, moving a
romantic relationship to an advanced level of
falling in love wholeheartedly.
 Oxytocin is referred to as ‘the love hormone’ or ‘the cuddle
hormone’ is also produced by the hypothalamus and is released
in substantial amounts during sexual intercourse and is
stimulated through skin-to-skin contact.
 It is also released during childbirth and breastfeeding
 plays an important role in forging bonds representative of the
depth of love and attachment to a partner as it heightens the
feelings of calmness, security and contentment that are so often
linked to bonding with a mate.
 Vasopressin is released in large quantities directly after having
sex.
 It also plays a role in social interactions between humans and
encourages pair-bonding (monogamous, long-term
relationships)
 this hormone may in actual fact, have a taming effect on more
promiscuous people, thus, when this hormone is increased after
sex with someone that you are in love with, this may affect your
brain by triggering your neural reward system which stimulates
feelings of happiness, encouraging you to want to stay with that
person as a result.
Gender and Sexual Diversity (GSD)
 sexual diversity, refers to all the diversities of
sex characteristics, sexual orientations and
gender identities, without the need to specify
each of the identities, behaviors, or
characteristics that form this plurality.
 sexual diversity also includes asexual people,
who feel disinterest in sexual activity; and all
those who consider that their identity cannot be
defined, such as queer people.
 sexual diversity is claimed as the acceptance of
being different but with equal rights, liberties, and
opportunities within the Human Rights framework.
In many countries, visibility of sexual diversity is
vindicated during Pride Parades.
 Sexual Orientation
Heterosexual
 This involves one male and one female
Homosexuals
 This involves same gender member
Bisexuals
 Sexual attraction that involves same gender and
at the same time attracted to the opposite gender
 Gender Identity

 Lesbian
 Gay
 Bisexual
 Transgender/transsexual
 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

CHLAMYDIA
 It is a bacterial infection that
causes pain or discomfort during
sex or urination, green or yellow
discharge from the penis or
vagina and pain in the lower
abdomen.
 Can be treated by antibiotics
SYPHILIS
 The first symptom to appear is a
small round sore, It can develop on
your genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s
painless but very infectious.
 Later symptoms include: rash,
fatigue, fever. Headaches, joint pain
 Earlier stage can be treated by
antibiotics but may not be incurable.
HIV/ AIDS
 HIV can damage the immune
system and raise the risk of
contracting other viruses or
bacteria and certain cancers.
Symptoms : fever, chills, aches
and pains, swollen lymph
nodes, sore throat, headache,
Nausea.
 No cure yet but early treatment
can help people live longer.
GONORRHEA
 Caused by bacteria.
 Includes symptoms such as a
white, yellow, beige, or green-
colored discharge from the penis or
vagina, pain or discomfort during
sex or urination, more frequent
urination than usual, itching around
the genitals, and sore throat.
 Can be cured when earlier
diagnosed with antibiotics.
Pubic lice
 “Crabs” is another name for pubic
lice. They’re tiny insects that can
take up residence on your pubic
hair. Like head lice and body lice,
they feed on human blood.
 Symptoms includes, itching
around the genitals or anus, small
pink or red bumps around the
genitals or anus, low-grade fever
and lack of energy
TRICHOMONIASIS
 It’s caused by a tiny protozoan
organism that can be passed from one
person to another through genital
contact.
 Symptoms includes discharge from
the vagina or penis, burning or
itching around the vagina or penis,
pain or discomfort during urination
or sex, and frequent urination.
HERPES
 Most common symptom of
herpes is blistery sores. In the
case of genital herpes, these
sores develop on or around
the genitals. In oral herpes,
they develop on or around the
mouth.
 No cure yet but medication is
available to control the
outbreak.
HEPATITIS B
 It is a virus that spreads through contact with
body fluids and blood, so it can be transmitted
through sexual intercourse. Hepatitis B infection
is also possible through sharing of needles,
razors, and toothbrushes.
 Symptoms includes Nausea, abdominal pain,
Jaundice (yellowish)
 Overtime, it can affect the liver (cirrhosis), liver
cancer can be developed.
 Vaccination is available for prevention.
CHANCROID
 It is caused by bacterial infection.
 Symptoms imcludes one or more
sores or raised bumps on the
genitals. A narrow, red border
surrounds the sores.
 It causes painful lumps in the
genital area that can progress to
open sores.
 Can be treated with antibiotics.
SCABIES
 This parasite is not necessarily
sexually transmitted, since it can
affect any area of the skin. However,
scabies is often spread during sexual
contact. Extreme itching that is worse
at night. The skin appears to have a
pimple-like rash
 Prescription creams can cure a scabies
infestation.
 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
 NATURAL METHOD
CALENDAR METHOD
 Also called as the rhythm method,
this natural method of family
planning involves refraining from
coitus during the days that the
woman is fertile.
 According to the menstrual cycle, 3
or 4 days before and 3 or 4 days after
ovulation, the woman is likely to
conceive.
 CERVICAL MUCUS
METHOD
 The basis of this method is
the changes in the cervical
mucus during ovulation. The
fertile days of a woman
according to this method is as
long as the cervical mucus is
copious and watery and a day
after it. Therefore, she must
avoid coitus during these
days.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
 the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to
emit the spermatozoa outside of the vagina. The
disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation
fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may
cause fertilization. Coitus interruptus is only 75%
effective
LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD
 Through exclusive breastfeeding of the infant, the
woman is able to suppress ovulation
 However, if the infant is not exclusively breastfed,
this method would not be an effective birth control
method.
 ARTIFICIAL METHOD
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
 Also known as the pill, oral
contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
 Side effects for OCs are nausea, weight
gain, headache, breast tenderness,
breakthrough bleeding, vaginal
infections, mild hypertension, and
depression
HORMONAL INJECTIONS
 The injection inhibits ovulation and causes changes in the
endometrium and the cervical mucus.
 After administration the site should not be massaged so it
could absorb slowly.
 It has an effectiveness of almost 100%
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
 It prevents fertilization by creating a local
sterile inflammatory condition to prevent
implantation.
 The IUD is fitted only by the physician and
inserted after the woman’s menstrual flow to
be sure that she is not pregnant.
 The device contains progesterone and is
effective for 5 to 7 years.
MALE CONDOMS
 a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed
on the erect penis before vaginal penetration to
trap the sperm during ejaculation.
 It can prevent STIs and can be bought over-the-
counter without any fitting needed.
VASECTOMY
 Males undergo vasectomy, which is
executed through a small incision made
on each side of the scrotum.
 In women, tubal ligation is performed
by occluding the fallopian tubes
through cutting, cauterizing, or
blocking to inhibit the passage of the
both the sperm and the ova.
 The Material/Economic Self

 William James (considered the self as anything that an individual

considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body and material
possessions but also his or her reputation and beliefs. The self constitutes
the material self and the manifestation of one’s identity through his
material possessions.
 Rosenberg regarded the extracorporeal self as the extended self. The
extended self includes other people (e.g. my parents), pets (my puppy),
possessions (my phone), places (my hometown), and the products of our
labor (my recipe). Thus, it is not merely the physical entities which
encompass the material self but the tangible objects, people or places
carrying the designation my or mine.
 The Role of Material Possessions on the
Sense of Self and Identity
 material possessions tell something of the personality and social
values of those who own them.
 Material possessions remain valuable because these possessions
are symbolic of one’s social status. The more expensive they are;
the more other people are impressed.
 Material possessions can be a reflection of hard work and
success.
 Owning material possessions becomes a driving force in urging
an individual to seek a high level of achievement in order to be
able to acquire more possessions.
 the lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s
mental health such as anxiety, insecurity, depression, could also
lead to compulsive buying disorder and hording
 People tend to judge others through their material possessions.
 Materialism – refers to giving more importance to material
possessions than intangible values.
 Materialistic person – one who is excessively concerned with
the acquisition of material possessions.
 Meaning or Specific Function of Material
Possessions
 Instrumental functions – relate to usefulness of products.
Ex. Anna bought a 4X4 jeep for transporting her feeds business
 Social Symbolic Function – relate to social standing, group affiliation
Ex. Jinky Pacquio’s shoes were all limited edition of Prada.
 Categorical Functions – use to communicate group membership.
Ex. Organizational shirts
 Self – Expressive Function – reflect unique qualities , values or
attitudes.
The Economic Self
 people buy goods not only because they need them but also
because of the joy and happiness the goods give by merely
having of acquiring them.
Anticipated affect
 emotion that an individual expects to feel when doing or
buying something.
 emotions can be a strong motivator or barrier for the buying
behavior of people.
 The Role of Consumer Culture on our Sense
of Self and Identity
 It is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the consumption
of commercial products.
 Consumer culture denotes a social arrangement in which the relations
between lived culture and social resources, and between meaningful ways of
life and the symbolic and material resources on which they depend on, are
mediated through markets.
 The consumption of market-made commodities and desire-inducing
marketing symbols is central to consumer culture.
 The consumption of market-made commodities and desire-
inducing marketing symbols is central to consumer culture.
 A consumerist society is one in which people spend a great deal
of time, money, and energy to “consume” commercial products,
goods, and services.
 Consumerism is the consumption of material goods and services
in excess of one’s basic needs. It is closely tied to materialism.
Both heavily influence the way individuals view the self.
 The state of needs and wants tends to be endless, and thus could
cause negative effects such as dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and
depression.
 Products and brands become the force that propels
and reproduces norms, social relations, and the
general structure of society.
 The dominant worldview, values, and culture are
inspired by disposable and empty consumption.
 Regardless of your intention in purchasing, keep
these two things in mind when acquiring goods.
Consider its utility to ensure that the product
serves a practical purpose; and, remember its
significance and be aware of how the objects
become powerful symbols or icons of habit ritual.
 Activity
 Watch the movie Confessions of a
Shopaholic (
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=or
kaqFcTQh4 Criteria
) featuring Isla Fishers as the 1. Critical Thinking
shopaholic journalist. Based on the and organization
movie, discuss the experiences of a of thought
person who has a compulsive buying 2. Sentence
disorder. What insights did you draw structure,
from the movie and how are you going grammar,
to apply them to better understand and mechanics and
develop your material self? spelling
3. 25 points
 THE SPIRITUAL SELF
 Spiritual self is an individual’s experience of the
relationship with a fundamental, nonmaterial aspect of
the universe.
 Spirituality is also the exploration of the
meaningfulness of our lives and our relationships to
ourselves, to others, to nature, or to a higher power that
is considered the essence of spirituality.
 Important Aspects Related to Spirituality
 Religion is as an organized, institutionalized set
of beliefs, teachings and practices that are
established to connect groups or individuals to a
particular expression of spirituality
 Rituals is a form of communication that signal
commitment of each member which promotes
cooperation.
 Religious rituals are “strange” behaviors which
have existed for over 100, 000 years ago and still
exist and survive even in those cultures where
governments have attempted to eliminate some
spiritual practices. Religious rituals still flourish
despite scientific rationalism introduces in the 20th
century.
 Spirituality and religion are two different entity
but are not independent because the spiritual self
can only be well understood with the help of
religion.
 Religion​—How Did It Begin?

 Religion is as old as history

 Religion also exist in great variety, people form
different places and everynation on earth has its own
god or gods.
 Religious origins are different from one religion to
another.
 religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that
usually includes some or all of basic characteristics
 The Beliefs and Views of People about God
and Religion
 Religion plays an important role in understanding the
spiritual self.
 Most of the political and cultural norms and
standards, rituals, and practices are legalized by our
religion.
 Religion affects our values, our commitment to higher
level of existence and gives meaning to everything
that is beyond our own comprehension.
 Characteristics of Religion
 A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being,
such as spirit & gods
 A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred
refers to a feeling of reverence and awe
 the presence of supernatural power or energy that
is found on supernatural beings as well as physical
beings and objects
World Religious Beliefs and
Practices
BUDDISM
 Beliefs – Buddhism believe that sufferings,
pain and frustrations are part of our life. They
also believe that man can only fine peace,
acceptance and contentment through
meditation. Meditation is the process of
emptying or concentration of the mind on one
thing in order to develop spiritual development.

 Buddhist believe in non-violence principles.

Important Buddhist celebrations:
Parinirvana Day in February
 It is a festival that marks the death of the Buddha.
Buddha Day (Wesak) in May
 honoring the three significant events of Buddha’s
life, his birth, enlightenment and his paranirvana.
Dharma Day in July
 Celebrate the first time Siddhartha Gautama
taught other people how to become a Buddha
Padmasambhava Day in October
 veneration of the second Buddha
Sangha Day in November.
 . Sanha refers to monks and nuns. This is also a
chance for people to reaffirm their commitment
to Buddhist practices and traditions.
 Christianity
 BELIEFS
They believe in Trinitarian God. One god in three personas: God the
Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit
They believe in eternal life after death
They believe in Jesus, the son of God who came into flesh and blood
to redeem men.
They believe in the Holy bible which is divided into two: the old and
the new testaments.
Customs and Practices
 Baptism symbolize the birth in the Christian
world
 Sacrament of Holy Communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ sacrificial love for
men.
Major Celebration
 Christmas or the celebration of the birth
of Christ in December
 New Year Celebration
 The Death of Christ or Holy Week
 HINDUISM
 Believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
governed by Karma.
 They believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive
lives and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the
previous life was lived.
 Vedas are sacred scripture of Hindus.
 Mahabharata and Ramayana are two of the most important texts
in Hindus.
Customs and Traditions
 Diwali or the festival of lights. This festival is as
important to hindus as Christmas holiday is to
Christians.
 Navrati is the festival of nine nights which celebrates
the triumph of good over evil – it is a nine nights
festival celebrated in the autumn every year in honor of
the divine feminine.
 ISLAM
 Belief
Believe in Allah – their “one God”
They believe in the unity and universality of God
They have strong sense of community or “ummah”
and the awareness of their solidarity with the Muslim
worldwide.
Islam means “willing submission to God”
 Believe that the last and final prophet sent by
God is Mohammed who is born in Mecca.
 The holy book is called the Quran which was
taught to be recited in Arabic.
Customs and Traditions (Five Pillars of Islam)
 Shahadah – statement of faith “There is no God but the one true
God and Mohammed is his messenger
 Salat – The prayer which is practiced five times daily
 Zakat – the monetary offering for the poor. Comprises 2.5% of a
Muslim’s assets.
 Hajj – The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford
are asked to do pilgrimage once in their lifetime.
 Sawn – the fasting during the celebration of Ramadan, the 9th
month of the Islamic Lunar calendar. The fast if from dawn to
sunset.
Celebration
 Eidul – Fitr – celebration of the end of Ramadan. A
celebration of thanksgiving to Allah. A celebration
through prayer and giving of obligatory charity in the
form of food
 Eidul – Adha – Celebrate the completion of the
pilgrimage. Celebration is done by attending sermon
and through prayer.
Judaism
Beliefs
 The Jew believe in the God of Abraham
 They believe in the coming of a Messiah, the
Savior
 Torah – Sacred Scripture
Beliefs
 Rosh Hashanah – New Year – It is the birthday of the
universe, the anniversary of the creation of Adam and
Eve.
 Yom Kippur – Day of atonement . Jews believe that it
is on Yom Kippur that God decided each person’s fate,
so Jews are encouraged to make amends and ask for
forgiveness for sins committed during the past years.
This is also known as “high Holy Days”.
 Pesach – Passover – This is a celebration as a commemoration
of the Jew liberation by God from slavery in ancient Egypt
under the leadership of Moses.
 Shavuot – Pentecost –It is during this celebration that the Jew
renew their acceptance of God’s gift and God re – gives the
torah.
 Sukkot – Tabbernacles. –Celebrates the gathering of the harvest
and commemorates the miraculous protection God provided for
the children of Israel when they left Egypt.
Finding the Meaning of Life

 This was founded by neurologist, psychiatrist and

holocaust survivor, VIKTOR FRANKL.
 Frankl based this theory on his experiences of
suffering, and his attitude of finding meaning through
suffering.
 He posed that when we can no longer change a
situation, we are forced to change ourselves.
 This is also called as LOGOTHERAPY.
Basic Assumptions
 Life has meaning in all circumstances
Frankl believe that life has meaning in all circumstances. This
means that even the most difficult situation, there is a higher level
of order that involves meaning.
 Human have a will to meaning
This means that meaning is our primary motivation for living and
acting and allows us to endure pain and suffering.
 Freedom to find Meaning
In all circumstances, we have the freedom to access that will to
find meaning.
 Meaning of the moment
Frankl argues that for decisions to be meaningful,
individual must respond to the demands of daily life
in ways the values of society or their conscience.
 Individuals are unique
Each of us are unique and irreplaceable.
Application of Logotherapy

 Create Something. Do things that gives you sense of

purpose and add meaning to your life.
 Develop Relationship. Spending time with others
 Find purpose in pain. If you are going through
something bad, try to find a purpose in it.
 Understand that life is not fair. Life have meaning even
in the worst situation.
 Freedom to find meaning. Nobody can take away
the freedom from you.
 Focus on others. Try to focus outside of yourself
to get through feeling stuck a situation.
 Accept the worst. When you go out seeking the
worse, it reduces the power that it has over you.
THE POLITICAL SELF
 Politics is the way that people living in groups make
decisions. It is about making agreements between people so that
they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or
countries.
 The political self-explores how our social and economic
contexts profoundly affect our overall well-being. It is the aspect
of our identity that is political, such as beliefs about what a
“good society” means or how much government regulation is
appropriate.
FILIPINO VALUES
HOSPITALITY
 Offer the warmth and comfort of your place to a friend or
relative who needs a place to stay.
 Give more than of your best to make your guests feel at
home.
CHEERFUL & OPTIMISTIC
 Problems are inevitable but Filipinos are known to be
positive and joyful – plaster a sweet smile on your face
RESPECT
 Pagmamano, beso, and paghalik sa kamay should be manifested. Use po
and opo and/or polite expressions when talking to someone older than
you.
CLOSE FAMILY TIES
 Maintain a harmonious relationship with your family members. Avoid
conflicts and if possible settle disputes and misunderstandings. Support
and help your family and relatives up to any extent.
BAYANIHAN/UNITY AND HELPFULNESS
 Sincerely extend help to your fellowmen. Do not choose whom to help.
Offer help when someone needs assistance.
Filipino Time
 Show respect, sincerity and sensitivity by arriving
at a meeting or event on time
Mañana Habit
 Procrastination leads to a bulkier and heavier
workload. Do not delay tasks.
Colonial Mentality
 Support locals.
Ningas Kugon
 Be consistent of the ventures and things you have
started.
Crab Mentality
 Be happy of other’s achievements and success. Put off
jealousy / enviousness.
Pride
 Learn to ask for an apology without waiting for the
other party to do it.
FILIPINO MARKERS
PROVERBS OR SALAWIKAIN
 Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are traditional sayings
or maxims used by Filipinos based on local culture, wisdom, and
philosophies from Filipino life
 Habang may buhay, may pag-asa.
SUPERSTITIONS
 beliefs or practice based upon one's trust in luck or other
irrational, unscientific, or supernatural forces.
 Mythical creatures such as duwende, diwata, engkanto, kapre,
aswang, etc.
 THE DIGITAL SELF
 William James who proposed that aside from the physical self, we
also have the material self. He said that our entities encompass
more than our bodily parts and that our extended self that includes
our possessions are prized because they become part of us. From
the context of William James, we can surmise that part of our
extended and material self are our technological possessions.
 digital age as a time when large amount of information are widely
available to many people, largely through computer technology
The Self and others in the Cyberspace

 The next slide shows the tremendous increase

in the use of technology all over the world
and also in the Philippines.
 I, me, myself and my user ID on line
 As we interact with other people in on-line sites and uses online
services that requires personal accounts such as password and
usernames, we are already creating and sharing our on-line identity.
 On-line identity ) is a social identity that network users establish in
online communities.
 In the internet, there are many social identity providers such as
Facebook, twitter, Google, and many others where one can manage
how their identities can be presented.
 When you are using the Internet, your online identity is the sum of
your characteristics and interactions.
 Selective Self Presentation and Impression
Management
 On – line identity most of the time requires sharing of
self – identity and people are likely to share their on-
line identity that usually matches what is needed or
required in the online community.
 People usually consider proper selection of words,
photos, and comments in order to create or make a
difference.
 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT is the effort to
control or influence other people's perceptions.
 This could be their perception of a certain person
(including you), a material possession or an event.
 When you are using the Internet, your online identity is
the sum of your characteristics and interactions.
 Self-presentation refers to how people attempt to
present themselves to control or shape how others
(called the audience) view them.
 It involves expressing oneself and behaving in ways
that create a desired impression.
 Selective self-presentation focuses on changing how
other people view an individual.
 FIVE CHANGES THAT IMPACT THE NATURE OF
SELF DUE TO OUR CURRENT DIGITAL AGE

DEMATERIALIZATION
 Our tangible things and possessions becomes invisible.
Photos that are collected and place in an album are now stored
in digital storage devices such as phones and in some internet
location. Music and movies are now stored in small devices
instead of CD and tape collections. Our private acquisition
becomes group because of sharing.
REEMBODIMENT
 Refers to new construction and definition of the self. Through the
digital technology, we are able to disembody and re-embodied
our photos and videos through the help of editing, photo shop
and other accessories that can help enhance it. An example of
this is those who are undergoing sexual identity crisis. Through
the virtual worlds they are able to present themselves in the way
they want to present themselves. The internet provides us a mask
as well as safety which means that we do not see true identity
thus we must rely on the feedback of others for self –
improvement.
SHARING
 Digital devices help us share more, as well as more
broadly, than ever before. Through Facebook, it is likely
that social media friends knows more than the
immediate families about daily activities, connections
and thoughts. Diaries that were once private or shared
only with close friends are now posted as blogs for
anyone to read. In posting photos on sites like Flickr or
Photo bucket the use of arm’s-length self-photography
marks a change. Facebook is now a key part of self-
presentation.
CO- CONSTRUCTION OF SELF
 Our blogs invite comments, social media thrive on interaction
and while cell phones may be decreasingly used for telephone
calls and e-mails, they are increasingly used for text messaging,
taking and posting photos and videos, and geo-locating to
connect with others. Blogging is a form of affirmation seeking.
The affirmation by readers provide confidence to extend the self
in a new directions. Feedbacks from friends and anonymous
readers help in the co – construction of the self.
DISTRIBUTED MEMORY
 Social media help us remember other people, emotions
and events of significance in our lives. We can look
up old friends, see photos with others who help a
jointly construct the memory of shared events. Our
memories benefit not only from our online actions but
those others who post images of us and tag us in. Our
self is not just co – constructed on line but so is our
shared portion of our memory co- constructed with
others on social media.
 CYBERBULLYING AND SOCIAL MEDIA

 , cyberbullying is the electronic posting or mean –

spirited messages about a person, often done
anonymously. It seek to control or harm others.
 Some forms of cyberbullying can be in the form of
exclusion, harassment, outing, cyberstaking,
impersonation, insulting, trolling and catfishing.
harassment to be considered bullying

 There must be an imbalance of power between the victim and

the perpetrator/s and occur over an extended period of time.
 It is characterized by the repetition of the abuser behavior – it
happens more than one or it has potential to happen again.
 The imbalance and repetition of the harassment happens via
any form of electronic communication, such as texting online,
on websites, social networks, via email and others.
Effects of Cyberbullying

EFFECTS ON THE BULLIED

 Emotional issues (anxiety, depression)
 Concentration issues
 Behavioral issues
 Trouble getting along with peers
 Experience physical symptoms such as headaches, and
stomach pain
EFFECTS ON THE BULLIES
 Emotional issues
 Concentration issues
 Behavioral issues
 More likely to be hyperactive
 More likely to abuse drugs or alcohol
How to avoid or stop cyberbullying

 Keep your profile set to private.

 Don’t friend or follow anyone who isn’t a friend.
 Don’t accept requests or messages from users you don’t know
 Never share and protect your password and prevent others from
gaining access to your profile and private photos
 Educate yourself and others on the negative impact of
cyberbullying.
 If you see it, report it.
ETIQUETTES RULES FOR STUDENTS
General Social Media Etiquette for Students

 Act like you would in real life. How you act on social media
sites is often the most direct way of how people will perceive
who you are.
 Don’t Discriminate. You can’t be friends with everybody on
line but be willing to open up to all types of friends and
followers.
 Earn Respect. Offer accessible information in a friendly way.
Share relevant and verified link, commentary and helpful tips.
Be responsible and do not spread fake news.
 Avoid Burnout. Balance your social media life, do not burn
yourself out.
 Be curious but not nosy. Social media communities are all about
learning each other but do not invade other people’s lives.
 Be extra polite. Apply some attitude to your social media activity
by being friendly and helpful and not to spread hate.
 Follow the golden rules. Treat others the way you want to be
treated.
 Remember that there are boundaries. Not everyone you are
following or following you is your personal friend. Try not to talk
about health and mushy stuff.
 Rules on Facebook
 Don’t cyber-stalk.
 Don’t drunk – Facebook. Making drunk post can be
funny for some friends but it can seriously damage your
image or self-representation.
 Don’t sent apps. When you try out an application, do
not send it to everyone you’re friends with. Again, not
everyone is your personal friend.
 Don’t write private messages on wall posts. It’s
embarrassing, rude and makes you look immature.
 Edit your photo choices. Posting personal photos can
trigger bullying. Do not post photos of yourself or
others engaging in irresponsible or illegal activities.
 Be careful who you tag. Ask permission if it oks to the
person you tag.
 Write Clear Status Updates. People who write or post
vague status updates such as depressing songs or images
can be self – indulgent.
 PREPARE FOR THE
MIDTERM EXAMINATION