Chapter 6

Physical Self

Physical self refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow being. It
is a tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. People now
days are too conscious on how they look. How they see themselves in the mirror, how people
will look at them and what will people say about them. Our concept of our self and the
perception of people around us will always have big effect on how we deal in a situation,
cultural or not. This discussion of Physical Self has found place on different Schools of
Psychology, like psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism etc. For example:

• William James considered body as initial source of sensation and necessary for the
origin and maintenance of personality. It is an element of spiritual hygiene of supreme
significance. For example, a boxer during a fight, do not notice/feels his wounds until
the intensity of fight has subside.
• Sigmund Freud, In Psychoanalytical school, construction of self and personality makes
the physical body the core of human experience.
• Wilhelm Reichargued that mind and body are one; all psychological processes, he
postulated, are a part of physical processes, and vice versa.
• According to Erik Erikson, the role of bodily organs is especially important in early
developmental stages of a persons life. Later in life, the development of physical as
well as intellectual skills help determine whether the individual will achieve a sense of
competence and ability to choose demanding roles in a complex society. example child
get their confidence when they bigger, stronger, faster and more capable of learning
complex skills.
• Carl Jung, argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only as
psychological experiences.
• B.F. Skinner, says that the role of the body is of primary importance.

Which from this different orientation clearly show us and explains how people deals with their
physical self. Regardless of what culture or traditions he or she may be, his or her
interpretation of himself will be how people act in the community.

Self-Esteem

"We all know that self-esteem comes from what you think of you, not what other people think
of you" - Gloria Graynor

People from different culture have opted to change their features in attempt to meet the
cultural standards of beauty, as well as their religious and/or social obligations. They modify
and adorn their bodies as part of the part of complex process of creating and re-creating their
personal and social identity to be accepted by society and to be able to accept them self. This
includes body painting, tattooing, jewelries and adornments. Youth in present time are too
conscious of their physical attributes that they are not confident to face the day without make-
up.

As our physical self, dictates how we act in front of other people it also defines how we will
manage our self-esteem. Yet, this self-esteem is vital on how we form positive and healthy
relationships with people around us. We have different kinds of self-esteem; The Inflated Self-
Esteem (this people holds high regards of themselves. Better than the other to the point of
under estimating them), High Self-Esteem (this is a positive self-esteem, which make the
person be satisfied of themselves) and Low Self-Esteem (this person do not value themselves
and do not trust their possibilities).

Most of the times, this self-esteem are define by what physical attributes they have. Beauty
as define by the society, culture or traditions, is what matter to the person.

Chapter 7

Sexual Self

As we come to understand the beauty of physical self, it is also proper to learn to understand
the sexual self. As psychoanalytical theory states that physical body is the core of human
experience as form of construction of self and personality. Freud maintained that nature of
the conflicts among id, ego and superego changes overtime as a person grows from child to
adult. There are psychosexual stages that focus: oral, anal, phallic and genital. Thus, these
stages are directly related to different physical center of pleasure.

To fully appreciate sexual self, it is necessary to understand human reproductive system,

erogenous zone, and human sexual behavior.

Understanding Basic of Sexual Behavior

Human Sexual behavior is complex and complicated, thus, it is not at all different from other
species (Feldman, 2010). To illustrate; men sexual behavior can occur at any time, by being
arouse to certain stimuli. At puberty, the testes begin to secrete androgens (male sex
hormones) which produce secondary sex characteristics like growth of bodily hair and change
in tone of voice, Female sexual behavior starts at puberty where the two ovaries begin to
produce estrogens and progesterone (female sex hormones) This stage of puberty for female
occurs in cyclical manner where also brought changes. While for nonhuman, period of
ovulation is only when the ovulation occurs to the female specie is receptive to sex.
Human reproductive system is an organ system by which reproduces and bear live offspring.
It requires the union between the male and female reproductive system to which carries out
to produce another life form. Provided that all organs are present, human reproductive system
works from the released of egg cell from female reproductive organ, to the fertilization of
sperm cells, to the conception, up to the giving birth of the baby and eventually to the return
of the female physical body to the original state (Harrison, 2018).

Male Reproductive System

a. Testis - is the most important part of male reproductive organ. It is the source of
Spermatozoa (male germ cell)

b. Scrotum - it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped; directly below and outside
of the abdomen.

c. Prostate glands - it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. It is connected
by sperm ducts from sperm ducts joining into single tube called urethra. Urethra then leads
to the outside of the body through penis.

d. Penis - it is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out.

e. Sperm - It is a male gamete, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a
baby.
Female Reproductive System

1. Ovary - It is a pair of small, oval organs which produces ova (ovum; female germ cells).
Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken up to the fallopian tube through the uterus
by the time of puberty.

2. Fallopian Tube - are pair of thin tubes that leads from ovaries to the uterus.

3. Uterus-(womb) it is a hollow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where fertilized ovum

(zygote) develops into a baby.

4. Vagina - It is a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called the vulva.

During the sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharged in the vagina. The sperms
will begin moving up to the uterus reaching the fallopian tube. During the travel most of the
sperms will die while climbing up the fallopian tube, only one sperm will enter the ovum and
can remain alive for only 12 hours. In this time, if it meets ovum which will lead to fertilization.
This zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an embryo from which will enter gestation period. It is
around 9 months in time for the woman to give birth.

Physiological Aspects of Sexual Excitement

Erogenous Zone

These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which
contributes to sexual arousal. Identifying erogenous zone ("hot spots") gives different reaction
and effect to a person. For one, these could bring sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual
health and stimulating different spots may produce different reaction to the body. Female
and male erogenous zone are reproductive organ (vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris), mouth
(lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears.

Phases of Sexual Response

Although, erogenous zone brings us to sexual arousal which is unique to each individual,
people shares same basic aspects of sexual responsiveness. According to Johnson & Master
(1966), sexual response follows a regular pattern consisting of four (4) phases: arousal,
plateau, orgasm and resolution.

The arousal phase is a subjective sense of sexual pleasure. The physiological sign in males is
penile tumescence (erection) and vasocongestion to female leads to vaginal lubrication and
nipple erection.
The plateau phase is a brief period of time before the orgasm. It is the body's preparation
for orgasm.

The orgasm phase is an intense, highly pleasurable experience. When this phase is reached,
rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals. In male, the contractions expel semen,
a fluid containing sperm, a process called ejaculation. For women and men, breathing and
heart rates reach maximum.

Last stage of sexual arousal, the resolution stage where the decrease of arousal (particularly
in male) happens. Genitals resume their unaroused state and shape; blood pressure, breathing
and heart rate return to normal.

Diversity of Sexual Behavior

Sexual behavior transcends in different forms. It may be influenced by not only the basic
physiological aspect of sexuality but also by different expectations, attitudes, beliefs and state
of medical and biological knowledge. It made sexual behavior take a more diverse forms such
as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality and transexuality.

Heterosexuality

Is a sexual attraction and behavior directed to other sex. More than male-female intercourse,
it involves kissing, petting, caressing, massaging and other form of sexual activities.

Homosexuality and Bisexuality

Homosexuals is a romantic and/or sexual attraction between members of same sex. Bisexuals
are person who can be romantically or sexually attracted to same sex and the other sex. Some
male homosexuals prefer the term Gay and some female homosexual prefer the term Lesbian.
Gays and Lesbian as preference for a terminology refer not only to their sexual preference but
also as Gender preference. These by which refer to a broader array of attitudes and lifestyle
of the individual than the sexuality itself.

Transsexuality

These are people who believed they were born with the body of the other gender. Men
transsexuals believe that they are men in a women's body and women transsexuals believe
that they are women in a men's body. Transsexuals sometimes seek sex exchange operations.
which undergo several steps such as intensive sexual counseling, hormone injections, living
as member of desired sex for several years, surgery.

Transgenderism

These are people who view themselves as a third gender, they are transvestites (who wears
clothes of the other gender) or those who believed that traditional male-female classifications
inadequately characterized them.

Natural and Artificial Method of Contraception

As overpopulation and countless cases of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) such as

gonorrhea, syphilis etc., along with the threat of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS). the government educates people the importance of Contraception. There are two
kinds of contraception; the Natural Contraception and the Artificial Contraception.

Natural Contraceptionare type of birth control that depend with observations on woman's
body through monitoring and recording different fertility signals during her menstrual cycle.
Through there different methods one may predict when it is safe or when a woman will more
likely to get pregnant. These may be in a form of abstinence, calendar method, basal body
temperature method, cervical mucus method, symtothermal method, ovulatio detection,
lactation amenorrhea method and coitus interruptus.

Artificial Method is diverse method of contraception using to prevent conception of a

woman. There are different types of artificial contraception but not all types are appropriate
for all situation. Using artificial contraception depends on the individual's health status, age,
sexual activity and/or number of partners. These are oral contraception, transdermal patch,
vaginal ring, subdermal implants, hormonal injection. Intrauterine device (IUD). chemical
barriers, diaphragm, cervical cap, male and female condoms, surgical methods (vasectomy
and tubal ligation).

Natural Method of Contraception

Abstinence (rate of failure 0%) Most effective way of birth control. Done thru abstaining from
sexual intercourse. It is also the most effective way to avoid STIS.
Calendar Method (25%) Also called as the Rhythm Method. It involves avoiding coitus during
the days that the woman is fertile.

Basal Body Temperature (9 to 25%) BBT is the woman's body temperature at rest. Done by
monitoring the changes in the woman's temperature every morning before any activity. A
slight increase and decrease in her temperature will be her sign of ovulation (fertile). This
period the woman must abstain from mating for the next three days.

Cervical Mucus Method (25%) Here the basis is the changes in the cervical mucus during the
ovulation. According to this method a woman is fertile when the cervical mucus is profuse
and watery. During this time she must avoid coitus during this days.

Symptothermal Method (2%) It is a combination of Basal Body Temperature (BBT) and

Cervical Mucus Method.

Ovulation Detection (2%) It is an over-the-counter kit that requires a urine specimen to

detect the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to predict ovulation.

Lactation Amenorrhea Method. This is exclusive for breastfeeding woman. Thus, it should
be noted that the woman is advise to choose other method after period of three months or
if the mother is not exclusively breastfeeding or is using formula drink for the baby.

Coitus Interruptus (75%) The oldest method of contraception. This is where the couple
proceeds with coitus but the moment he ejaculates, the men withdraw before emit
spermatozoa outside of the vagina.

Artificial Method of Contraception

Oral Contraception. It is known as the "Pill". Contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
It is recommended to take the pill on the first Sunday after the beginning of the menstrual
flow.

Transdermal patch. It is a patch applied in the following areas; upper outer arm, upper torso,
abdomen or buttocks for three weeks.

Vaginal Ring. Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and surrounds the
cervix. It remains in there for 3 weeks. It was removed on the fourth week as menstrual period
flows. The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed.
Subdermal Implants. It is a two rod-like implants under the skin of the woman during her
menstruation or on the 7th day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get
pregnant. It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel and progestin. Have a 1% failure.

Hormonal Injections. This injection prevents ovulation and cause change in the cervical
mucus. It has an almost 100% effectiveness. And one of the most popular choice for birth
control.

Intrauterine Device (IUD). It is a small T-shaped object inserted in uterus thru vagina to
prevent fertilization. It is done only by a physician right after the woman's menstruation to be
sure that she is not pregnant.

Chemical Barriers. These are used to cause death of the sperm before it can enter the cervix
of the woman. These are spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films.

Diaphragm. Inhibits the entrance of into the vagina. It should not be left in place for more
than 24hours to avoid irritation. It has a failure rate of 16%.

Condoms. Male Condom is a synthetic rubber sheath that is placed in the erect penis before
penetration to avoid the sperm to enter the vagina during the ejaculation. Female Condom is
also a synthetic rubber placed against the vaginal opening to prevent the sperm to enter the
vaginal during the ejaculation.

Surgical Methods. Vasectomy is a procedure done to male through small incision made on
each side of the scrotum to block the passage of sperms. Tubal Ligation is a procedure done
to female through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking the fallopian tube to inhibit the passage
of both sperm and the ova.

Chapter 8

The Material and Economical Self

William James. Also known as the father of American Psychology identified various
components of the Empirical self, one of which is what he called a Material Self. According to
James, that Man's "Material self" is not only consisting of his own body but also includes the
different things he possess from ones family, friends, as well as things such as, ones clothes,
house, cars, gadgets, end even the amount of money he has in the bank.
In James' idea of the Material Self, One defines themselves and at the same time is being
defined by the people they are acquainted with along with the accumulation of objects and
achievements that a person acquired from the different endeavors and experiences in life. For
example, a person can identify themselves as a singer not only from their own beliefs that
they can sing, we can also consider factors such as if other people also says that he or she can
sing, if he or she belongs to a family of singers, have trophies and awards relating to singing
(winning a singing contest), or works as a singer in a band or in a concert hall.

The losing of such objects or people will render one feel that apart of him was also lost at the
same time, for example, in cases of death in the family, losing a business that a person have
invested for his entire life, sudden inability to play music because of an accident. Also, the
time a person died his possessions and associations with other people will be the only objects
that will remind the world of who that person were.

So we represent ourselves through clothes, the gadgets we wear, the friends we have and the
things that we do. All of these contribute to whether we are accepted or not in the world we
live in. With this in mind, the choices that we make in order to achieve the recognition of
others depends not only on our own capabilities but more so on the value we and the other
people give to what we have or can acquire. For example, now the things like having an
Iphone, drinking coffee at Starbucks, or buying branded clothes maybe used as a
manifestation of a good social standing it may not be similar to owning a company, having a
house at an exclusive subdivision but the former are much easier to acquire and achieve than
the latter.

Having the ability to find the things that will define yourself that will persist through time,
were your life and achievements both defines who you are and what you are capable of and
at the same time provide you with the direction and knowledge on what to prioritize will result
to a more cohesive and easier establishment of who you are as a person and what you want
to be in life.

Chapter 9

The Spiritual Self

William James take on spiritual self which is included to the other empirical selves is defined
as the inner most workings of the persons mind, the behavior, beliefs and even morals that
involves every aspect of the human as a person. Considering the will of the person, how they
distinguish between right and wrong and also one's intellect are some of the manifestation
of the spiritual self of a person. According to James (1890) people will find more satisfaction
in having been able to show of the spiritual self like their intelligence, to have their wishes be
done, and to act upon their conscience than to count or show their possession, because he
said that the spiritual self "is the most enduring and intimate part of the self".

Manifestations of the Spiritual Self

Person's Will. Refers to one's wishes, these are the things that we want to see and achieve in
our lives.

Intelligence and abilities. These are the perceived strengths of a person, the things that they
have confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level of mastery of. Ex.
Morals. It is the definition of what is right and wrong, distinguishing the things that are
acceptable for a person, the society and at the same time the determination of the possible
effects of their actions to themselves, their environment and other people.

Values - is the person's ability to distinguish what is important and what is not. With one's
values system a person may be able to prioritize what they think are the tasks or things that
the need, what are things that should be done or resolve immediately and what are those
that they can delay without grave repercussions.

With these in mind, the establishment of a person's notion of what is good, as well as, their
ability to not only be able to stand on what they think is the right thing to do but to be able
to make life decisions based on such beliefs is what William James consider as the
manifestation of a person's spiritual self.

In the Philippines, our country is known to have a culture that values the teachings of religion,
where our notion of right and wrong is based on the teachings of the church or any religion
that the people are following. Having such guide, it is imperative for one to fully understand
the extent and be able to define the cohesiveness of their own beliefs to the teachings of their
religion, this will enable one to be able to understand further who they are, what they want
to do, and what are the things that they can and cannot do based on the acceptable behaviors
that are being taught in one's religious orientation.

People will act according to how they feel, what they believe in and what they want to do or
happen, but having the inability to understand that there may be some difference on how
others perceive and conflict may arise, since Williams also posits that if the one's beliefs,
abilities as well as emotions are being criticized a person may feel that they are being
questioned as a whole which will result to negative reactions. For example, people tend to
criticize other people that are different from them (religion, race, gender, etc.) these criticisms
may elevate to bigger problems such as discrimination or division of groups, but if we think
carefully we cannot expect others to believe what we believe in, one cannot expect others to
have the skills that they have. and an individual cannot expect others to be able to think
exactly like him, then we will have an easier time to create an environment that promotes the
individuality of every members of the society.

The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural Being and Power

Religion refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers. Worldview
is broader than religion. Worldview refers to the collective body of ideas that members of a
culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality. Religion
also differs from spirituality, which is a concern with the sacred in an individual manner. All
cultures have religion, spirituality, a worldview and magic (Haviland, 2007).

Difference between Religion and Spirituality

Religion. It is an organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along
with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices (Haviland, 2007).

Spirituality. Concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to
religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive
format or traditional organization (Haviland, 2007).

Myth. A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence-where we and
everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going.

Rituals. A culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed to guide members of a

community in an orderly way through personal and collective transitions. Two types: calendric
and crisis.

Supernatural. The supernatural is around you all of the time, especially in non industrialized
societies. In a lot of cultures, health, wealth and daily things are related to supernatural.

Functions of Religion

Cognitive Function. Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable phenomena.

Emotional Function. Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties that often accompany
illness, accidents, death and other misfortunes.

Social Function. Social control, conflict resolution and building group solidarity.

The Concept of "Dungan" - Spirit or Soul

The "soul" or spirit of a person has two dimesions; (1) human body and (2)spiritual. Soul
referred to as kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root word
duwa,two. The dungan is not seen by the human eye, it takes on a different form. For instance,
it can be in a form an insect or a small animal such as lizard. The Bisayans believe that the
dungan leaves the body while person is asleep. Travelling dungan outside the body must be
free from accidents such as getting trapped in a jar. Only when the soul has safely reunited
with the body, the person will be awake. Dungan is also connoted as "willpower". If a person
has a strong willpower, is it said to have a strong dungan (Magos, 1986).
Rituals and Ceremonies

Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. Visayan fishing villages practice the offering ritual
called harang. A local shaman invokes sea-spirits. There are several stages of the ritual
purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which cover community life such as harvest,
operation of fishing boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996).

Finding and Creating Meaning in Life

Viktor Frankl, the originator of Logotherapy, indicates how his involvement in quest for the
significance of life in a Nazi death camp changed his viewpoint of the world. Frankl states that
we can't abstain from affliction, yet we can pick how to manage it and discover significance
in it.

Frankl's hypothesis question the thoughts of Freud, who trusted the significance of life was
to seek after joy. Frankl trusted that the motivation behind life isolates the person from
creatures as well as enables us to survive troublesome circumstances. The reason forever isn't
identified with the quest for delight, however to finding what you adore and living with
significance. For Frankl, man cannot avoid suffering but can find meaning from it. His theory
holds three primary human capabilities called as noological possibilities: self-detachment,
self-transcendence, and the ability to "spiritually be in touch with something or someone
independent of spatio- temporal dimensions. To complement these capabilities he indentified
three postulates.

Anthropological. "Man does not simply exist but always decides what his existence will be,
what he will become in the next moment." Man is ultimately self-determining.

Psychological. Man's key motivation is the search for meaning.

Philosophical. Life has unconditional meaning, regardless of the circumstances or situation.
His life in the concentration camp, Frankl writes that he found meaning that helped strengthen
his will to survive.

Chapter 10

The Political Self

Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors

Collective action, shared vision, means of sustainable future and the link to generation has
been crucial in the construction of identity and sense of belonging in the democratic
standpoint. On the other hand, in the socio psychological perspective, citizenship or being a
Filipino serves a a cognitive and motivational basis for ones beliefs and behavior. Thus,
enhancing the practice of citizenship and democracy is crucial to the awareness and
understanding of self and community.

Three Major Concerns in Building an Identity

The level of individual, community and institution are primary factors that come into play in
the building an identity. At the same time, it is essential to consider the following concerns in
building an identity:

1.Instrumental - An individual act in accordance with rules and identities consistent with
supportive of democratic processes.

1. Morals - Values and beliefs embody and reinforce democratic principles.

2.Transformative - Includes process of self-reflection and redefinition of individuals,

institutions and communities.
Aspects in Developing Filipino Identity

Individual Attitudes and Traits

• Dualism of Filipino Traits (negative and positive)

• Colonial/Accomodative Surface Value (hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama)
• Confrontatie Surface Value(bahala na, sama/lakas ng loob, pakikibaka)
• Pivotal Interpersonal Value (pakiramdam)
• Linking/socio-personal Value (kagandahang-loob)
• Associated Societal Value (karangalan, katarungan, kalayaan)

Institutional Factors

• Family
• Church
• School
• Media
• Government
• Non-government
• People's organization

Macro-Factors at the Societal

• Immediate community with which one readily identifies one's self

• Less intimate grouping of which one is a member.
Establishing a Democratic Culture

Sense of community and public good and empowerment of people are central questions to
consider in the development of democracy agenda. The following frameworks were used as
a guide in the development of action agenda. According to Diokno 1999, in her article
Becoming a Filipino Citizen, Perspective on Citizenship and Democracy, the agenda was
crafted in September 1996 conference in which perceptions of citizenship and democracy
from different standpoints were discussed.

March and Olsen's Framework of Democratic Political Development

• Building institutions that civilize expressions of solidarity and confrontation of conflict

among identities.
• Forming specific identities (character, habits of thought, sense of reality and codes of
conduct) that fit into and support a democratic political order
• Sense of solidarity that connects the individual to a broad political community of
others and organize others and organizes other belongings in a way that enriches the
community

Przeworski's Concept of Effective Citizenship

• Official conduct in accordance with the law.

• A judicial system appied equally to all.
• Social conditions for the exercise of citizen's rights.

Based on the following frameworks, the democratic agenda was crafted.

1. Improve the political and social environment and reduce poverty through structural reforms
in order to foster a sense of community and enable citizens to exercise their rights and fulfill
their obligations. J OF OLFU

2. Continually re-examine societal institutions responsible for value formation so that they
can inculcate, rather than indoctrinate, democratic citizenship values.

3. Incorporate cross-cultural activities in public and private sector programs, including those
of schools, churches, NGOs and POs, so as to recognize ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity
in the country and encourage the sharing of experiences.

4. Further promote the use of Filipino and Philippine languages in all transactions so as to
enable the articulation of citizenship and democratic views and values.

5. Continue to harness institutional as well as informal mechanisms that open up space for
the exercise of citizenship and democracy.
 Chapter 11

Digital Self: Self and Others in Cyberspace

I, Me and Myself and My User ID online

Digital self is a mask we put on to draw in the innovative world. With the digital technologies
such as web pages, online games, virtual worlds, social media, smart phones, Internet, self-
extension is extensive. Objects that one's possess can truly extend the self, as when an
instrument or weapon enables us to get things done of which we would somehow, or another
be unable. Belonging can likewise emblematically extend self. Sartre explained that the reason
we want to have something is to enlarge our sense of self and that the only way we can know
who wer are is by observing what we have. Belk (1988) presented the concept of the extended
self: (1) Dematerialization, (2) Reembodiment, (3) Sharing, (4) Co-construction of Self, and (5)
Distributed memory.

This reasonable refresh looks to renew the idea, consolidate the effects of digitization, and
give a comprehension of consumer feeling of self in the present innovative condition. It is
essentially a work in advance, for the computerized condition and our conduct inside it keep
on evolving. Be that as it may, some vital changes are now certain. Five changes with advanced
utilization are viewed as that effect the idea of self and the idea of belonging Required
alterations and increments to the extended self are laid out, and bearings for future research
are recommended. The advanced world opens a large group of new implies for self-extension
utilizing numerous new items to come to an incomprehensibly more extensive crowd. Despite
the fact that this requires certain reformulations, the fundamental idea of the extended self
stays crucial.

Belk's Summary of Digital Modification of the Extended Self

Digital Dimension Self Possession

Dematerialization Attachment to and
singularization of virtual
possessions; almost, but not
quite the same
Reembodiment Avatars affect offline self; Attachment to avatar
multiplicity of selves
Sharing Self revelation; loss of Aggregate possessions
control sense of shared place online
Co-construction of Self Affirmation of self; building
aggregate extended self;
"Attachment to Virtual
Possessions in videogames”
 Distributed Memory Narratives of self Digital clutter, digital cues to
sense the past.

Selective Presentation and Impression Management

Self-presentation is behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself or

some image of oneself to other people. These behaviors are activated by the evaluative
presence of other people and by others' knowledge of one's behavior. In new situations, many
people would like to impress and become self-conscious. People behave in ways designed to
create a favorable impression or even to one's ideals. Humans are social animals and regulate
our behavior to fit in world or adjust it to impression that we desire. People monitor their
behavior, observe how others react and adjust their performance to create a desired
impression.

Two Types of Self-Presentation

1.Pleasing the audience - This type of self-presentation which try to match self to the
audience's expectations and preferences.

2.Self-construction - This type of self-presentation tries to match oneself to one's own ideal
self. The expression of the audience-pleasing motive varies across situations.

Multiple Aspects of the Self

Higgins (1987) argues that there are three domains of the self: the actual self, the ideal self
and the ought self.

1. Actual self- this refers to the attributes an individual possesses.

2. Ideal self-this refers to the attributes an individual would ideally possess.

2. Ought self- this refers to the attributes an individual ought to possess.

According to Higgins, the discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self leads to feelings
of dejection. Our sense of self helps organize our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Our overall
self- evaluation influences our cognitive processes. For instance, when people with high self-
evaluation fail, they sustain their self-worth by looking at others failure.

Impact of Online Interaction on Self

Computer-Mediated Communication
Computer-mediated communication encompasses human communication involving several
exchanges through various platforms such as text, audio, and/or video messages. A CMC
interaction occurs through various types of networking technology and software, including
email, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM), Usenet and mailing list servers. An
interesting discussion can stem from a comparison of how we construct our identity in the
"real world" versus how we construct it in the online world. As Dutton (1996) points out, that
technology can work two ways-open or close social choices. Individuals shape the impact of
technology has on their lives by choosing which technology to use and how to use it.

Boundaries of Self Online

The line between offline and online self has become blurred. Since people nowadays are
becoming more connected digitally, self-identity is becoming more fashioned in transmedia
paradigm. In the present culture of constant connectivity, the Internet is coordinated into our
lives with the end goal that the experience of being on the web is subjectively not quite the
same as before.