UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (REVIEWER)

MODULE 6 PHYSICAL SELF

Physical self refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow being.

William James (1842-1910)

-American

-Philosopher and Psychologist

-Harvard University

-Theory of the Self

-The Principles of Psychology

-considered body as initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of

personality.

Wilhelm Reich(1897-1957)

-Viennese psychiatrist

-Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute

-Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute

-The Function of Orgasm (1927)

-argued that mind and body are one; all psychological processes, he postulated, are a part of physical

processes, and vice versa.

Erik Erikson(1902-1994)

-German-Americandevelopmental

-psychologist and psychoanalyst

-Theory on Psychological Development

-Identity crisis

-the role of bodily organs is especially important in early developmental stages of a person’s life.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner(1904-1990)

-American
-psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher

-Harvard University

-Operant Conditioning

-says that the role of the body is of primary importance.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytical School, construction of self and personality makes the physical body the core of

human experience.

Carl Jung

-argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only as psychological

experiences.

MODULE 7 SEXUAL SELF

Sexual Selfhood is defined

as how one thinks about

himself or herself as a sexual

individual.

History of Sexual Selfhood

Ancient Greece – 600 BCE

-Males as the dominate role

-Penis as the symbol of fertility

-Women as objects possessed like property

-gyne – Greek word for woman meaning bearer

of children

Middle Ages – 476-1450 CE

-Strong influence of the Church

-Sexual acts that do not lead to procreation is evil

-Women were labeled as temptress (like

Eve) or woman of virtue (Virgin Mary)

Protestant Reformation – 16th Century

John Calvin and Martin Luther initiated a

movement against the corruption of the Roman

Catholic Church.

Puritans – 17th and 18th Century

Premarital sex was considered immoral

Victorian Era – London, 1837-1901

-Homosexuality and prostitution are considered

threats to social order

-Sex for women was just for marital duty

-Women cannot enjoy sex

-Ejaculating more than once a month would weaken a month

-Masturbation leads to blindness, insanity and death

20th Century

-Separation of Church and State

-Pregnancy can be controlled by natural and artificial contraception

-Increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections

-Rise of Feminism

-Cultural diversity and social norms regarding what is sexually normal

Erogenous Zone

These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which

contributes to sexual arousal. Identifying erogenous zone (“hot spots”)

Female and male erogenous zone are reproductive organ (vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris), mouth

(lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

 Oral Stage – 0-18 months

Child’s erogenous zone is the mouth which receives gratification through eating and sucking

 Anal Stage – 18 months-3 years old

The erogenous zone is the anus in which sexual

gratification is derived from defecation.

 Phallic Stage – 3-6 years old

Erogenous zone is the genitals

-Oedipus complex – sexual attraction of the boy child toward the

mother

-Electra complex – sexual attraction of the girl child toward the

father

 Latency Stage – 6-12 years old

Sexual impulse lies dormant as the child is occupied by social

activities such as going to school and playing.

 Genital Stage – 12 years old and above

Erogenous zone is the genitals

Sexual attraction directed towards the opposite sex

Human reproductive system is an organ system by which reproduces and bear live offspring.

Male Reproductive System

Testis – is the most important part of male reproductive organ. Spermatozoa (male germ cell)

Scrotum – it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped

Prostate glands – it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. It is connected by sperm

ducts from sperm ducts joining into

single tube called urethra. Urethra then leads to the outside of the body through penis.
Penis – it is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out.

Sperm – It is a male gametes, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a baby.

Female Reproductive System

Ovary – It is a pair of small, oval organs which produces ova (ovum; female germ cells).

Fallopian Tube – are pair of thin tubes that leads from ovaries to the uterus.

Uterus – (womb) it is a hollow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where fertilized ovum (zygote)

develops into a baby.

Vagina – It is a tube leading to outside of the body through

an opening called the vulva.

Four (4) phases

 arousal phase is a subjective sense of sexual pleasure.

 plateau phase is a brief period of time before the orgasm.

 orgasm phase is an intense, highly pleasurable experience.

 resolution stage is where the decrease of arousal (particularly in male)happens.

MODULE 8 SEXUAL SELF PART 2

Sex came from the Latin word secare meaning ‘to divide’

Sexuality then means ‘to unite’.

Sexual identity includes sexual orientation, ability to manage sexual feelings, and the capacity to

regulate sexual behavior.

Asexual are those who do not experience sexual drives.

Hypersexual are those with excessive interest in sex.

Gender means characteristics of people as male or female.

Gender role is a set of expectations that prescribeshow males and females should think, act, and

feel.

Gender Assignment is our gender from birth.

Gender Reassignment means an official and legal change of gender.

Gender Identity is a category of social identity that refers to an individual’s identification as male or

female or others.

Attraction is the characteristics that causes

pleasure or interest by appealing to a person’s

desires or tastes, and causes one to be drawn to another.

Phases of Romantic Love by Helen Fisher and the Chemistry of Love

 Lust is driven by the desire for sexual gratification. hypothalamus of the brain

plays a big role in this, stimulating the production of the sex hormones testosterone and

estrogen from the testes and ovaries.

 Attraction

Dopamine,produced by the hypothalamus, is a particularly well-publicized player in the brain’s

reward pathway – it’s released when we do things that feel good to us.

 Attachment

Oxytocin is often nicknamed “cuddle hormone” for this

reason.

John Lee’s Love Styles

Love is a complex and powerful force, one that plays out in anumber of emotional, cognitive and

social ways.

John Alan Lee’s six broad styles of love:

 Agape

 Ludus- view love as a game that they are playing to win.

 Storge- tend to be stable and committed

their relationships. They value companionship, psychological closeness and trust.

 Eros- a romantic,fairytale-type love,physical beauty

 Mania- obsessive love style.

  Pragma- Practicality rules

Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory and the 7 Types of Love

Three Components of Love

Intimacy, which involves feelings of closeness,

connectedness, and bondedness

Passion, which involves feelings and desires

that lead to physical attraction, romance, and

sexual consummation

Decision/Commitment, which involves feelings lead a person to remain with someone

and move toward shared goals

Psychology of Love

1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory. When someone received a reward such as free ride or other

favors from another, a positive feeling may be experienced. The better the feelings associated with

the behavior of a person, the more likely it is for the behavior to be repeated.

2. Physiological Arousal Theory. The body experiences a change first, then people assign an

emotion to that physical sensation that is based on the interpretation of brain.

3. Evolutionary Theories. This explains that love arose due to some sociobiological need.

Factors that would determine with whom people fall in love:

Physical Attractiveness (though beauty is in the eye of the beholder)

Reciprocity (people tends to like an individual

who also like them)

Proximity (being around anytime physically or

virtually)

Similarities (same age, religion, education, race,physical attractiveness, intelligence, and

socio-economic class)

Diversity of Sexual Behavior

Heterosexuality is a sexual attraction and behavior directed to other sex.

Homosexuality is a romantic and/or sexual attraction between members of same sex.

Bisexuals are person who can be romantically or sexually attracted to same sex and the other sex.

Transsexuality are people who believed they were born with the body of the other gender

Transgenderism are people who view themselves as a third gender, they are transvestites (who

wears clothes of the other gender).

Natural Contraception is a type of birth control that depends with observations on woman’s body

through monitoring and recording different fertility signals during her menstrual cycle.

Artificial Method is diverse method of contraception using to prevent conception of a woman.

MODULE 9 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SELF

William James, also known as the Father of

American Psychology. Man’s “Material self” is not only consisting of his own body but also includes

the different things he possess.

Three Major Concerns in Building an Identity

1. Instrumental - An individual act in accordance with rules and identities consistent with supportive

of democratic processes.

2. Morals - Values and beliefs embody and reinforce democratic principles.

3. Transformative - Includes process of

self-reflection and redefinition of individuals,

institutions and communities.

Aspects in Developing Filipino Identity

Individual Attitudes and Traits

•Dualism of Filipino Traits (negative and positive)

•Colonial/Accomodative Surface Value (hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama)

•Confrontatie Surface Value (bahala na,

sama/lakas ng loob,

pakikibaka)

•Pivotal Interpersonal Value (pakiramdam)

•Linking/socio-personal Value (kagandahang- loob)

•Associated Societal Value (karangalan, katarungan,kalayaan)

Institutional Factors

•Family

•Church

•School

•Media

•Government

•Non-government

•People's organization

Macro-Factors at the Societal

•Immediate community with which one readily identifies one's self

•Less intimate grouping of

which one is a member

MODULE 10 DIGITAL SELF

Digital self is a mask we put on to draw in the innovative world.

Jean-Paul Sartre explained that the reason we want to have something is to enlarge our sense of

self and that the only way we can know who we are is by observing what we have.

Belk (1988) presented the concept of the extended self:

 1. Dematerialization, (2) Re-embodiment,

(3) Sharing, (4) Co-construction of Self, and

(5) Distributed memory.

Self-presentation is behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself or some

image of oneself to other people

Types of Self-Presentation

Pleasing the audience – try to match self to the

audience's expectations and preferences.

Self-construction –tries to match oneself to one's own ideal self.

Multiple Aspects of the Self

Actual self – this refers to the attributes an individual possesses.

Ideal self – this refers to the attributes an individual would ideally possess.

Ought self – this refers to the attributes an individual ought to possess.