Lesson 1

 Sex is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality . Also referred to as biological sex or
physical sex , the term generally pertains to your identity depending on your sexual anatomy
and physiology .
 Sex is typically determined by examining your genitals.
 Genitals – these are external organs that are associated with reproduction – the process or the
ability to create offspring .
 Sex is often assigned at birth . A child is observed to have a penis or testicles , then the child is
categorized as male . If a child is observed to have a vagina , then the child is categorized as
female
 Hermaphroditism -cases when the baby genitals appear to be a conglomerate of male and
female organs such that it may be difficult to classify the baby’s sex without further
examination. Intersexuality is to refer to this phenomenon.
 Chromosomes – protein structures which contain your genetic materials are also used to
determine sex.
 Sex chromosome which makes a person’s biological sex . XY sex is said to be male , XX sex
chromosomes is said to be female.
 Hormones – chemicals in our body that are responsible for sustaining bodily processes – are
used as markers.
 Gender - social dimension of one’s sexuality.
 Heteronormativity – this phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based on
whether it conforms or not to the expectations related to one’s biological sex .
 Transgender - there are cases where in a person’s biological sex does not align with one’s
gender identity
 Sexual orientation – another aspect of our gender pertains to our emotional and sexual
attraction to a person . According to the psychological association of the philippines , typically at
ages of 6 or 8 , we experience or develop attraction to the other people.
 Heterosexuals or straight – people who are attracted to the opposite sex
 Homosexual, gay or lesbian -people who are attracted to people of the same sex .
 Bisexual or bi - people are attracted to both sexes male or female
 LGBT- refers to the lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender community .
 According to the American psychological association or APA, nature and nurture play a complex
role in shaping our sexual orientation. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are part of the human
sexuality and is a large part of the human experience.

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Lesson 2 gender and sexuality across time

 Patriarchy – social system where meant primarily holds power in the political and private
spheres .
 Feminism – continuing series of social movement that aim to challenge the partriarchal society
that creates this oppressive political structures , beliefs , and practices against women .
 Divine feminine ( the sacredness of the woman do to her ability to conceive a children) has
prevailed and those who men are treated equally with men . This make societies egalitarian
(men and women have equitable power and roles.)
 Patriarchy is from the greek word patriarkhes which means the “rule of the father” . It is a
social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the private spheres.
 Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologist as a social construct and not as biological
phenomenon . This is because history proves that in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer tribes and
civilization , they prioritize equally of all members , male and female.
 Friedrich Engels a german philosopher and sociologist , argues that patriarchy came about when
people started having private property instead of a communal living.

 Greek - aristotle , plato , and other greek philosophers view the women as the inferior sex and
are properties of man whose only job was to obey their husband, bear children , and take care
of the household . They are forbidden to learn philosophy , politics , and science.

 Egypt – Heredotus, a Greek historian , observe the Egyptian civilization exciting that Egyptian
woman enjoyed higher social status than greek women because they can inherit property and
engage in trade and politics . However , great influence quickly spread in Egypt through the
conquest of alexander the great across Asia and Africa .

 China – confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how woman should conduct
themselves . The written documents titled “three obedience’s and four virtues” and “Precepts
of women states that women” should obey their father, when married she is to obey her
husband, and windows she is to obey her son.

Women empowerment

 Women’s liberation movement , women’s movement , or feminism is a continuing series of

social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive
political structures , beliefs , and practices against women.
 19th and early 20th century - first wave feminism spread across the western countries as women
demanded for the right to vote or participate and elections and to be able to legally own
property.
  Simone de Beauvoir – France, wrote the book entitled the “second sex” in 1949 . It outline how
the pascal’s society disadvantaged women by slowly raising her into submission and hindering
their productivity and happiness by relegating them to house cleaning .
 Beauvoir’s book was instrumental in awakening woman about their plight as the “wife-servant”
to their husbands in her famous quote one is not born , but rather becomes, a woman .
 Le Mouvement de Liberation de Femmes or the women’s liberation movement was formed in
europe and days at the right to education , right to work , and right to vote in the 1940’s. This
liberation movement views the intersectionality of economic status or class to patriarchy.
 The 90s gave birth to the 3rd wave and 2012 started the fourth wave . This movements only
show that there is still much to be done for women’s right.

 Women suffrage – women were not allowed to vote before because they were viewed as
irrational and temperamental and therefore, not able to make rational decisions.

 Equality in politics and society - for hundreds of years , women’s voices were silenced , soul
society must make an effort to restore the right . Is very important for women , so that their
genuine concerns are heard in politics and in society.

 Reproductive rights means that woman is in control of her body , and she can decide for herself
and what she sees is best for her . Contraception , abortion , and other reproductive options
should always be available to women because it is their body .

 Domestic violence – such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as
part of a “marriage” . Also we have RA 9262 or anti violence against women and their children ,
our culture still dismiss such incidents as away “mag-asawa”.

 Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands the right to make decisions on her
pregnancy , equitable wages , and equal employment opportunity .

LESSON 3

Gender Studies

- A field of studies concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and
negotiated in the society through gender.

Social Research
 - The process of investigating social realities.

Research Approach

- The orientation in understanding social realities. This can be qualitative (interpretative),

quantitative (deductive), or both.

Ethics in research

- These are considerations in conducting research to make sure that the well-being of the
participants are ensured, and that the outcome of study is sound without undue harm
to people involved.

Gender Studies

- As an area of knowledge, is about looking into, analyzing, and examining society so that
we notice power relations in the seemingly “simple things”.

- It helps us see the issues in our everyday lives through a different lens.

- Emerged from the need to analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality, impact our lives,
especially how it creates gender inequality.

- Explores how our gender roles have changed throughout our history and how it created
inequalities.

Gender Role or Sex Role

- Are “sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity”.

 - These roles are not fixed such that the “culturally defined behaviors”

In a binary system of viewing gender roles

- We only see the male and the female where men are expected to be masculine while
women are expected to be feminine.

Society

- Through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors to

make a child adapt to these social expectations.

Research Process

- Utilizes a systematic approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and

assumptions, gathering data, and making conclusions.

Qualitative Approach

- Focuses more on the meanings created and interpretations made by people about their
own personal at vicarious (observed) experiences.

Some of the methods used in the qualitative approach:

Phenomenology

- Conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have experienced a particular

event and understanding their “lived experience”.

Hermeneutics
 - Understanding the meaning of texts and what they convey about human realities; and

Ethnography and Ethnomethodology

- Immersing in a community and taking note of their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and
practices.

Quantitative Approach

- Focuses on more characterizing a population or a sample, and making generalizations

about the population based on the behavior of a sample.

Some of the methods used in Quantitative approach:

Survey

- Collecting information from a sample

Experiment

- Creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people in an experimental group and

comparing it to the behavior of people in a control group.

Information’s from both qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data from multiple choice.
In most cases, information from qualitative and quantitative approaches provides a holistic view about
certain realities, such that there are researchers who prepare prefer to use mixed method . (Combining
qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data from multiple sources.)

There are some principles to remember in conducting gender and sexuality research this principles are
referred to as ethical principles because they make sure that people involved in the research are
protected from harm.

Informed consent – researchers should make sure that the participants in the study are aware of the
purpose and processes of the study they are participating in period.

Confidentiality and anonymity – researchers should not reveal any information provided by the
participants, much so, their identity to anyone who are not concerned with the study.

Non-maleficense and beneficence – A study should do no harm(non-maleficense) to anyone especially in

researches involving humans, a study should be beneficial (beneficence) for it to be worth
implementing.

Distributive justice any studies that this advantage a particular group, especially the marginalized and
the opressed (poor people, women, LGBTQ, the elderly) the benefits of a study should be for all.
Lesson 4

Reproduction – process of producing offsprings

Genitals – external sex organs

Primary sex characteristic – sex characteristics that are present at birth

Secondary sex characteristics – sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.

Anatomy the study of the body structure In relation to body parts.

Puberty – is signal the final development of primary and accessory or against that support reproduction
Female external genitalia

Vulva – all the external genital structures taken together.

Mons veneris – pads of fatty tissue between public bone and skin.

Labia majora – outer lips sorrounding all the other structures.

Prepuce – clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris)

Clitoris glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), The clitoris is particularly sensitive to stimulation.

Labia minora – inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweet and oil glands, extensive blood vessels,
and nerve endings are located.
Vestibule area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive with extensive
blood vessels and nerve endings.

Urethral - opening and of tube connecting to bladder and use for urination.

Vagina opening – also called introitus.

Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is less in females than males.

Female reproductive organ

Vagina collapsible canal extending from vagina opening back and upward into body to cervix and uterus.
During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This aids it’s expansion and triggers the release of flabricants
from vaginal mucosa.
Cervix – small and of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening and cervix slinging to interior of
uterus.

Uterus – womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried.

Fallopian tubes – carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization occurs.

Ovaries – produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences female sex characteristics and
initiates menstrual cycle.

Progesterone – aids in regulation of menstrual cycle and promotes mature development of featuring
lining to allow for zygote implantation.

Puberty

Menstrual cycle – marks the beginning of puberty in females.

The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age refers to us menarche.

Regardless of the length of the cycle, menstruation begins about 14 days after ovulation.

The overall cycle is governed by the hypothalamus as it monitors hormon levels in the bloodstream.

Three phases.

Menstrual phase - this occurs if the volume is not fertilized and does not implant itself into the uterine
lining.

Proliferative phase- it occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the bit with our gland release FSH that
stimulates the the ovaries to produce estrogen and causes over to mature in the overallion follicle.

Secretory phase - it occurs when the pituitary gland releases LH that causes the ovary the release a
mature ovum and causes the remaining portion of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum.
Male external genitals

Prepuce – foreskin covering head of penis, remove in male circumcision.

Penis – glans (head) shaft and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to stimulation.

Corona – rim of glans where it arises from shaft.

Frenulum – thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on under side of penis.

Scrotum – sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes.

Urethral opening – found on head of penis this is the end of two connected to bladder and used for
urination.

Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is greater in males than
females.

Male internal organs

Testes – produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which greatly influence male
development and drive sexual motivation, also produce sperm cells and virtually and limited quantity
over the entire course of the lifespan

Vas deferens – travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm.

Seminal vesicles – two glands that produce alkaline fluid reach in fructose sugar, comprising some 70%
of semen volume. Alkaline nature may stimulate sperm to start self-propulsion and sugar may provide
sperm nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and connect with baa deferens forming ejaculatory ducts.
Prostate – gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of salmon volume.

Urethra – to within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to the opening of the penis.

The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, but there are other glands
called the adrenal glands that also produce some testosterone.