Module :2 Unpacking the SELF

LESSON 1

Physical Self

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After studying this module, you are expected to:
Understanding the theorical understanding for how to manage and care for different aspects of the self
Acquire and hone new skills and learnings for better managing of one’s self and behavior
Apply these new skills to one’s self and functioning for a better quality of life.

INTRODUCTION:

Physical self refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow
being.
It is a tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.
People now days are too conscious on how they look. How they see themselves in
the mirror, how people will look at them and what will people say about them. Our
concept of our self and the perception of people around us will always have big
effect on how we deal in a situation, cultural or not. This discussion of physical Self
has found place on different Schools of psychology, like psychoanalysis,
behaviorism, humanism etc.

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ACTIVITY:

Name: __________________________________ Date:

____________
Course/Major: _______________________
Direction. Answer the following questions and submit this sheet with your answer as
part of the course requirement. please write your answers on a paper.

1. Discuss the Material and Economical Self.

2. Explain the differences between Pleasing the audience and Self-

construction in self-Presentation.

3. Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across the
different multiple aspects of the self.

4. Demonstrate the importance of digital self and others cyberspace.

5. Write your own idea or opinion about ought self.

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ANALYSIS

Before you proceed to the lesson presentation, please write your answers on a
paper for the following questions:

a. Define I, Me and myself.

b. Reflect on knowing yourself in differences and their implications in Unpacking
the Self.
c. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s
self and identify by developing a theory of the self.

ABSTRACTION
After studying this module, you are expected to:
a. Define Actual Self.
b. Explain Ideal Self in your own opinion and idea.
c. Examine the different multiple aspects of the self.

APPLICATION
Determine and formulate your own learning objective for the following topics.
Topic. Philosophical Perspective on Self

1.What is your own idea about Unpacking the Self?

2. Explain Physical in Unpacking the Self?

3.Draw the Male Reproductive System?

4. Draw the Female Reproductive System

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EVALUATION
Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________
Course/Major: _______________________
Direction. Answer the following questions and submit this sheet with your answer as
part of the course requirement.

1. What is the process of dematerialization in digital self?

2. Explain Embodiment in digital self?

3. What is difference between me mine myself and I?

4. What is the meaning of Me Myself and I?

5.Explain the importance of SELF IDENTITY?

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 Module :2
Unpacking the SELF

CHAPTER 6

Physical Self

Physical self refers to the body which we interface with our environment and fellow
being.
It is a tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.
People now days are to conscious on how they look. How they see themselves in
the mirror, how people will look at them and what will people say about them. Our
concept of our self and the perception of people around us will always have big
effect on how we deal in a situation, cultural or not. This discussion of physical Self
has found place on different Schools of psychology, like psychoanalysis,
behaviorism, humanism etc. for example:

 William James considered body as initial source of sensation and

necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. It is an
element of spiritual hygiene of supreme significance. For example, a
boxer during a fight, do not notice/feels his wounds until the intensity of
fight has subside.
 Sigmund Freud, in psychoanalytical school, construction of self and
personality makes the physical body the core of human experience.
 Wilhelm Reichargued that mind and body are one; all psychological
processes, he postulated, are a part of physical processes, and vice
versa.
 According to Erik Erikson. The role of bodily organs is especially
important in early developmental stages of a person life. Later in life,
the development of physical as well as intellectual skills help determine
whether the individual will achieve a sense of competence and ability to
choose demanding roles in a complex society. For example a child get
their confidence when they bigger stronger, faster, and more capable
of learning complex skills.
 Carl Jung, argued that the physical body and the external world can be
known only as psychological experiences.
 B.F. Skinner, says that the role of the body is of primary importance.

Which from this different orientation clearly show us and explains how
people deals with their physical self. Regardless of what culture or traditions he or
she may be his or her interpretation of himself will be how people act in the
community.

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Self-Esteem

‘’We all know that self-esteem comes from what you think of you,
Not what other people think of you’’ _Gloria Graynor-

People from different culture have opted to change their features in attempt to
meet the cultural standards of beauty, as well as their religious and/or social
obligations. They modify and Adom their bodies as part of the part complex process
of creating and re-creating their personal and social identity to be accepted by
society and to be able to accept them self. This includes body painting, tattooing,
jewelries and adomments. Youth in present time are too conscious of their physical
attributes that they are not confident to face the day without make up.

As our physical self, dictates how we act in front of other people it also defines
how we will manage our self-esteem. Yet, this self-esteem is vital on how we form
positive and healthy relationships with people around us. We have different kinds of
self-esteem; the inflated Self-Esteem (this people holds high regards of themselves.
Better than the other to the point of under estimating them), high Self-Esteem (this is
a positive self-esteem, which make the person be satisfied of themselves) and low
Self-esteem (this person do not value themselves and do not trust their possibilities)

Most of the times, this self-esteem are define by what physical attributes
they have.
Beauty as defined by the society, culture or traditions, is what matter to the person.

Required Readings/s;
Demello, M. (2014) Beauty bodies. Body studies: An introduction (pp 173- 188).

Routledge. Demello, M. (2014). Fat and thin bodies. Body studies: An introduction
(pp 189-205).

CHAPTER 7

Sexual Self

As we come to understand the beauty of physical self, it is also proper to learn to

understand the sexual self. As psychoanalytical theory states that physical body is
the core of human experience as form of construction of self and personality. Freud
maintained that nature of the conflicts among id, ego and superego changes
overtime as a person grows from child to adult there are psychosexual stages that
focus: oral, anal, phallic, and genital. Thus, these stages are directly related to
different physical center of pleasure.

To fully appreciate sexual self, it is necessary to understand human reproductive

system, erogenous zone, and human sexual behavior.

Understanding Basic of Sexual Behavior

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Human sexual behavior is complex and complicated. Thus, it is not at all different
from other species (Feldman, 2010). To illustrate: men sexual behavior can occur at
any time, by being arouse to certain stimuli. At puberty, the testes begin to secrete
androgens (male sex hormones) which produce secondary sex characteristics like
growth of bodily hair and change in tone of voice. Female sexual behavior starts at
puberty where the two ovaries begin to produce estrogens and progesterone (female
sex hormones). This stage of puberty for female occurs in cyclical manner where
also brought changes, while for nonhuman, period of ovulation is only when the
ovulation occurs to the female specie is receptive to sex.

Human reproductive system is an organ system by which reproduces and bear live
offspring. It requires the union between the male and female reproductive system to
which carries out to produce another life form. Provide that all organs are present,
human reproductive system works from the released of egg cell from female
reproductive organ, to the fertilization of sperm cells, to the conception, up to the
giving birth of the baby and eventually to the return of the female physical body to
the original state. (Harrison, 2018)

Male Reproductive system

a. Testis- is the most important part of male reproductive organ. It is the source of
spermatozoa (male germ cell)
b. Scrotum- it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped; directly below
and outside of the abdomen.
c. Prostate Glands- it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. It is
connected by sperm ducts from sperm dust joining into single tube called
urethra. Urethra then leads to the outsides of the body through penis.
d. Penis- it is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and
secrete out.
e. Sperm- it is a male gametes, one that is necessary for the egg develop and
become a baby.

Female Reproductive system

1. Ovary – it is a pair of small, oval organs which produces ova (ovum, female
germ cells). Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken up to the fallopian
tube through the uterus by the time of puberty.
2. Fallopian Tube- are pair of thin tubes that leads from ovaries to the uterus.
3. Uterus-(womb) it is a hollow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where
fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a baby.
4. Vagina- it is a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called
the vulva.

During the sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharged in the vagina. The
sperms will begin moving up to the uterus reaching the fallopian tube. During the
travel most of the sperms will die while climbing up the fallopian tube, only one
sperm will enter the ovum and can remain alive for only 12 hours. In this time, if it
meets ovum which will lead to fertilization. This zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an

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embryo from which will enter gestation period. It is arcund 9 months in time for the
woman to give birth.
Physiology Aspects of Sexual Excitement

Erogenous Zone

These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and
vibration which contributes to sexual arousal. Identifying erogenous zone (‘’hot
spots’’) gives different reaction and effect to a person. For one, these could bring
sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual health and stimulating different spots may
produce different reaction to the body. Female and male erogenous zone are
reproductive organ ( vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris), mouth (lips), neck, breast
(nipples) and ears.

Phases of Sexual Response

Although, erogenous zone brings us to sexual arousal which is unique to each

individual, people shares

Same basic aspects of sexual responsiveness. According to Johnson & master

(1966), sexual response follows a regular pattern consisting of hour (4) phases:
arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution.

The arousal phase is a subjective sense of sexual pleasure. The physiological

sign in lubrication and nipple erection.

The plateau phase is a brief period of time before the orgasm. It is the body’s
preparation for orgasm.

The orgasm phase is an intense, highly pleasurable experience. When this

phase is reached, rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals. In male, the
contractions expel semen, a fluid containing sperm, a process called ejaculation. For
women and men, breathing and heart rates reach maximum.

Last stage of sexual arousal, the resolution stage where the decrease of
arousal (particularly in male) happens, Genitals resume their unaroused state and
shape; blood pressure, breathing and heart rate return to normal.

Diversity of Sexual behavior

Sexual behavior transcends in different forms. It may be influenced by not

only the basis physiology aspect of sexuality but also by different expectations,
attitudes, beliefs, and state of medical and biological knowledge. It made sexual
behavior take a more diverse forms such as heterosexuality, homosexuality,
bisexuality and transsexuality.

Heterosexuality

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 Is a sexual attraction and behavior directed to other sex? More than male-
female intercourse. It involves kissing., petting, caressing, and other form of sexual
activities.

Homosexuality and bisexuality

Homosexuality romantic and/or sexual attraction between members of same

sex bisexuals are person who can be romantically or sexually attracted to same sex
and the other sex. Some male homosexuals prefer the term Gay and some female
homosexual prefer the term lesbian. Gays and Lesbian as preference for a
terminology refer not only to their sexual preference but also as gender preference.
These by which refer to a broader array of attitudes and lifestyle of the individual
than the sexuality itself.

Transsexuality

These are people who believed they were born with the body of the other
gender. Men transsexuals believe that they are men in a women’s body and women
transsexuals believe that they are women in a men’s body. Transsexuals sometimes
seek sex exchanged operations, which undergo several steps such as intensive
sexual counseling, hormone injections, living as member of desired sex for several
years, surgery.

Transgenderism

These are people who view themselves as a third gender, they are transvestites
(who wears clothes of the other gender) or those who believed that tradition male-
female classification inadequately, characterized them.

Natural and Artificial Method of Contraception

As overpopulation and countless cases of sexuality Transmitted Disease (STD) such
as gonorrhea, syphilis etc, along with the threat of acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) the government educates people the importance of contraception.
There are two kinds of contraception, the Natural Contraception and the Artificial
Contraception.

Natural Contraceptionare type of birth control that depend with observations on

women’s body through monitoring and recording different fertility signals during her
menstrual cycle. Through there different methods one may predict when it is safe or
when a women will more likely to get pregnant; these may be in a form of
abstinence, calendar method, basal body temperature method, cervical mucus
method, symtothermal method, ovulation, detection, lactation amenorrhea method
and coitus interruptus.

Artificial Method is diverse method of contraception using to prevent conception of a

woman These are different types of artificial contraception but not all types are
appreciate for all situation. Using artificial contraception depends on the individuals
health status, age , sexual activity and/or number of partners. These are oral
contraception, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, subdermal implants, hormonal

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injection. Intrauterine device (IUD), chemical barriers, diaphragm, cervical cap, male
and female condoms, surgical methods (vasectomy and tubal ligation)

Natural Method of Contraception

Method Rate of Description

Failure
Abstinence Most effective way of birth control. Done
thru abstaining from
0% Sexual intercourse. It is also the most
effective way to avoid
STIs.

25% Also called as the rhyme method. It

involves avoiding coitus
During the days that the women is fertile
.
Basal Body Temperature BBT is the woman’s body temperature
at rest done by
Monitoring the changes in the
woman’s

temperature every morning before any

activity. A slight
9 to 25 Increase and decrease in her
temperature will be her sign
Of ovulation (fertile). This period the
woman must abstain
From mating for the next three days.

Cervical Mucus Method here the basis is the changes in the

cervical mucus during
The ovulation. According to this
method a woman is
25% Fertile when the cervical mucus is
profuse and watery.
during this time she must avoid coitus
during this day.

Symptothermal Method 2% it is a combination of basal Body

Temperature (BBT) and
Cervical Mucus Method.

Ovulation Detection 2% it is an over-the-counter kit that

requires a urine
Specimen to detect the luteinizing
hormone (LH)
to predict ovulation.

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Lactation Amenorrhea this is exclusive for breastfeeding
woman. Thus, it should
Method be noted that the woman is advise to
choose other
Method after period of three months
or if the mother is
Not exclusively breastfeeding or is
using formula drink
For the baby.

Coitus Interruptus The oldest method of contraception.

This is where the
the couple proceeds with coitus but
the moment he
75% ejaculates, the men withdraw before
emit spermatozoa
outside of the vagina.

Artificial Method of Contraception

Method Description
Oral Contraception it is known as the ‘’Pill’’. Contains
synthetic estrogen
and progesterone. It is
recommended to take the pill
on the first Sunday after the
beginning of the of the
menstrual flow.

Transdermal patch it is a patch applied in the following

areas; upper outer
arm upper torso, abdomen or
buttocks for three weeks.

Vaginal Ring Releasing a combination of estrogen

and progesterone
surrounds the cervix. It remains in
there for 3 weeks. It
was removed on the fourth week as
menstrual period
flows. The woman becomes fertile
as soon as the ring
is removed.

Subdermal implants it is a two rod-like implants under the

skin of the
woman during her menstruation or
on the 7 day of her

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 menstruation to make sure that she
will not get
pregnant. It contains etonogestrel,
desogestrel and
progestin. Have a 1% failure.

Hormonal Injection This injection prevents ovulation and

cause change in
the cervical mucus. It has an almost
100%
effectiveness. And one of the most
popular choice for
birth control.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) It is a small T-shaped object

inserted in uterus thru
vagina to prevent fertilization. It is
done only by a
physician right after the woman’s
menstruation to be
sure that she is not pregnant.

Chemical barriers These are used to cause death of

the sperm before it
can enter the cervix of the woman.
These are
spermicides, vagina gets and
reams, and glycerin
films.

Diaphragm inhibits the entrance of into the

vagina. It should not be
left in place for more than 24hours
to avoid irritation. It
has a failure rate of 16%.

Condoms Male Condoms a synthetic rubber

sheath that is placed
in the erect peris before penetration
to avoid the sperm
to enter the vagina during the
ejaculation

Female condom is also a synthetic

rubber placed
against the vagina opening to
prevent the sperm to
enter the vagina during the
ejaculation.

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Surgical Methods Vasectomy is a procedure done to
male through small
incision made on each side of the
scrotum to block the
passage of sperms.

Tubal Ligation is a procedure done

to female through
cutting, cauterizing, or blocking the
fallopian tube to
inhibit the passage of both sperm
and ova.

Required Reading/s:

Feldman, R, (2008).Diversity of sexual behavior. In Bettino (Ed.), Understanding

psychology 8 ed (pp. 379 -385).McGraw Hall.

Feldman, R, (2008). Understanding human sexual response. In Bettino (ED,).

Understanding psychology 8 ed(pp, 369 -375).McGraw Hall.

Feldman, R, (2008), Sexual difficulties, In Bettino (Ed), Understanding psychology 8

ed(pp, 389 – 391).McGraw Hall.

Lugue & De Leon (2001), Textbook on family planning. Rex Printing. Wolfson
(2010). The chemistry and desire Retrive from chimera of
http://healthline.com/healthy/what-is-desire

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 CHAPTER 8

The Material and Economical Self

William James, also known as the father of American Psychology identified

various components of the Empirical self, one of which is what he called a Material
Self. According to James, that Man’s Materials Self’’ is not only consisting of his own
body but also includes the different things the possess from one’s family, friend, as
well as things such as, one’s clothes, house, cars, gadgets, end even the amount of
money he has in the bank.

Body

Possessions
(house, cars, Self
Phone, car as ‘’ME’’ Family
,etc.)

Friends

In James idea of the material self, one defines themselves and at the same time
is being defined by the people they are acquired with along with the accumulation of
objects and achievements that a person acquired from the different endeavours and
experiences in life. For example, a person can identify themselves as a singer not
only from their own beliefs that they can sing, we can also consider factors such as if
other people also says that he or she can sing, if he or she belongs to a family of
singers, have trophies and awards relating to singing (winning a singing contest), or
works as a singer in a band or in a concert hall.

The losing of such an object or people will render one feel that apart of him was
also lost at the same time, for example, in cases of death in the family, losing a
business that a person have invested for his entire life, sudden inability to play music
because of an accident also, the time a person died his possessions and
associations with other people will be the only objects that will remind the world of
who that person was.

So, we present ourselves through cloths, the gadgets we wear, the friends we
have and the things that we do. All of these contribute to whether we are accepted or
not in the word we live in. with this in mind, the choices that we make in order to

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achieve the recognition of others depends not only on our own capabilities but more
so on the value we and the other people give to what we have or can acquire. For
example, now the things like having an iPhone, drinking coffee at Starbucks, or
buying branded clothes maybe used as a manifestation of a good social standing it
may not be similar to owning a company, having a house at an exclusive subdivision
but the former are much easier to acquire and achieve than the latter.

Having the ability to find the things that will define yourself that will persist
through time, were your life and achievements both defines who you are and what
you are capable of and at the same time you provide you with the direction and
knowledge on what to prioritize will result to a more cohesive and easier
establishment of who you are as a person and what you want to be in life.

Required Reading/s:

Dittmer, H. The individual Centered Approach: Material Possessions as Part of the

Extended Self, Pp.
41 – 64 and possessions as Symbolic Expressions of Identity. Pp 95 – 121
in the Social
Psychology of Material Possession: To have is to be?. St. Martin’s Press.

Gibbs et al. (2006). Self-presentation in online personals: the role of anticipated

future interactions, self-
disclosures and perceived success in internet dating. Communications
Research. 33.2.152-172.

Gonzales & Hancock (2010). Mirror, Mirror on my FB Wall: Effects of exposure to Fb

on self- esteem.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking.
Doi: 10. 1089/cyber. 2009.0411

Walther (2007), Selective self-presentation in computer mediated communication:

Hypersonal dimensions of technology, language and cognition, Computers in Human
Behavior, 23. 2538- 2557.

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 CHAPTER 9

The Spiritual Self

Williams James takes on spiritual self which is included to the other empirical selves
is defined as the inner most workings of the persons mind, the behavior, belief and
even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person. Considering the
will of the person, how they distinguish between right and wrong and also one’s
intellect are some of the manifestations of the spiritual self of a person. According to
James (1890) people will find more satisfaction in having been able to show of the
spiritual self like their intelligence, to have their wishes be done, and to act upon their
conscience than to count or show their possessions, because he said that the
spiritual self ‘’is the most enduring and intimate part of the self’’.

Person’s Intelligence
Will and
Abilities

Spiritual
Self

Morals Values

Manifestation of the spiritual self

Person’s Will – Refers to one’s wishes, these are the things that we want to
see and achieve in our lives.

Intelligence and abilities- these are the perceived strengths of a person, the
things that they have confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level of
mastery of. Ex.

Morals- it is the definition of what is right and wrong, distinguishing the things
that are acceptable for a person, the society and at the same time the determination
of the possible effects of their environment and other people.

Values- is the person’s ability to distinguish what is important and what is not.
With one’s values system a person may be able to prioritize what they think are the
tasks or things that the need, what are things that should be done or resolve
immediately and what are those that they can delay without grave repercussions.

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With these in mind, the establishment of a person’s notion of what is good, as well
as, their ability to not only be able to stand on what they think is the right thing to do
but to be able to make life decisions based on such beliefs is what William James
consider as the manifestation of a person’s spiritual self.

In the Philippines, our country is known to have a culture that values the
teaching of religion, where our notion of right and wrong is based on the teachings of
the church or any religion that the people are following. Having such guide, it is
imperative for one to fully understand the extent and be able to define the
cohesiveness of their own beliefs to the teachings of their religion, this will enable
one to be able to understand further who they are, what they want to do, and what
are the things that they can and cannot do based on the acceptable behaviors that
are being taught in one’s religious orientation.

People will act according to how they feel, what they believe in and what they
want to do or happen, but having the inability to understanding that there may be
some different on how others perceive and conflict may arise, since Williams also
posits that if the one’s beliefs, abilities as well as emotions are being criticized a
person may feel that they are being questioned as a whole which will result to
negative reactions. For example, people tend to criticize other people that are
different from them (religion, race, gender, etc,) these criticism may elevate to bigger
problems such as discrimination or division of groups, but if we think carefully we
cannot expect others to believe what we believe in, one cannot expect others to
have the skills that they have and an easier time to create an environment that
promotes the individuality of every members of the society.

The Practice of Religion: belief in Supernatural Being and Power

Religion refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers
worldview is broader than religion . worldview refers to the collective body of ideas
that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and
substance of their reality. Religion also differs from spirituality, which is a concern
with the scared in an individual manner. All cultures have religion, spirituality, a
worldview and magic (Haviland, 2007).

Difference between Religion and spirituality

Religion
Spirituality
*Religion is an organized system of ideas about *Concern with the
sacred, as distinguished
Spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with from material matters. In
contrast to
Associated beliefs and ceremonial practices religion, spirituality is
often individual rather

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(Haviland, 2007). Than collective and
does not require a
distinctive format or
traditional
organization (Haviland
2007).

Myth, Rituals and Supernatural

Myth Rituals
Supernatural
*A Sacred narrative that explains the *A culturally prescribed symbolic
*The supernatural is
fundamentals of human existence act or procedure designed to
around you all of the
where we and everything in our guide members of a community
time especially in
world came from, why we are here, in an orderly way through personal
non-industrialized
and where we are going. And collective transitions,
societies.
*Two types: calendric and crisis
*In a lot of cultures,

Health, wealth and

daily things are

related to

supernatural.

Functions of Religion

Cognitive Function Emotional

Function

Enabling humans to explain Helping individuals to

cope up
The unexplainable with anxieties that often
accompany illness
Phenomena. Accidents, death and
other misfortunes.

Social Function

Social control, conflict resolution

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 And building group solidarity.

The concept of ‘’Dungan’’ – Spirit or soul

The ‘’soul’’ or spirit of a person has two dimensions; (1) human body and (2)
spiritual. Soul referred to as kaluluwa by the tagalogs or Dungan by the Ilonggos
comes from the root word duwa, two. The Dungan is not seen by the human eye, it
takes on a different form. For instance, it can be in a form an insect or a small animal
such as lizard. The Bisayans believe that the Dungan leaves the body while person
is asleep. Travelling Dungan outside the body must be free from accidents such as
getting trapped in a jar. Only when the soul has safety reunite with the body, the
person will be awake. Dungan is also connoted as ‘’willpower’’ if a person has a
strong willpower, is it said to have a strong Dungan (Magos, 1986).

Rituals and Ceremonies

Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. Visayan fishing villages practice the
offering ritual called harang. A local shaman invokes sea-spirits. There are several
stages of the ritual purification, invocation, entreaty feast which cover community life
such as harvest, operation of fishing boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996).

General features of Harang Ritual

Purification Invocation explanation offering feast

of the place of spirit of motivation communion (kan-on)
(tuob) (pagtawag) request & (bayad)
entreaty
(pangamuyo)

Findings and Creating Meaning in life

Viktok Frankl, the originator of logotherapy, indicates how his involvement in quest
for the significance of life in a Nazi death camp changed his viewpoint of the world.
Frankl states that we can’t abstain from affliction, yet we can pick how to manage it
and discover significance in it. Frankl hypothesis question the thoughts of frued, who
trusted the significance of life was to seek after joy. Frankl trusted that the motivation
behind life isolates the person from creatures as well as enables us to survive
troublesome circumstances. The reason forever isn’t identified with the quest for
delight, however to finding what you adore and living with significance. For Frankl,
man cannot avoid suffering but can find meaning from it. His history holds three
primary human capabilities called as noological possibilities: self-detachment, self-
transcendence, and the ability to ‘’spiritually be in touch’’ with something or someone
independent of spatio- temporal dimensions. To complement these capabilities, he
identified three postulates.

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 Anthropological Psychological Philosophical
‘’Man does not simply exist Man’s key motivation is the Life has
unconditional meaning,
But always decides what search for meaning regardless of the
circumstance
His existence will be what or situation. His
life in the
He will become in the next concentration
camp, Frankl writes
Moment that he found
meaning that helped
Strengthen his
will to survive.
Man is ultimately
Self- determining.

Required Reading/s:

Demetrio, Fernando & Zialcita. (1991) The soul, 95-97, One is not enough, 99 _ 101.
The soul book. GF Books
Frankl, v. (159). Man’s search for meaning: an introduction to logotheraphy (pp 149-
210). Verlag fur Jugend und Volk.
Haviland,W. et al.(2007). Spirituality, religion and the supernatural. In the essense of
anthropology(pp_306). Thomson Wadsworth.
Kawada, M. (1996). Bayad sa dili naton kaipon: A visayan ritual offering to the spirits.
In Ushijima & Zayas (Eds). Binisaya nga kinabuhi (Visayan life). Visayas maritime
anthropological studies (pp 213 _240). CSSP Publications.
Sosis, R, (2010)> the Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual. In Angelono (ed). Annual
editions: Anthropology 10/11. 33 ed (pp 133_137). McGraw Hill.
Stein & Stein (2011). Ritual, In the Anthropology of religion, magic and witchcraft(pp
77_102)

Prentice Hall.

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 CHAPTER 10

The political self

Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors

Collective action, shared vision, means of sustainable future and the link to
generation has been crucial in the construction of identity and sense of belonging in
the democratic standpoint. On the other hand, in the socio psychological
perspective, citizenship or being a Filipino serves a cognitive and motivational basis
for one’s beliefs and behavior. Thus, enhancing the practice of citizenship and
democracy is crucial to the awareness and understanding of self and community.

Three Major Concerns in Building an Identity

The level of individual, community and institution are primary factors that come into
play in the building an identity. At the same time, it is essential to consider the
following concerns in building an identity:

1. Instrumental- an individual act in a accordance with rules and identities

consistent with supportive of democratic processes.
2. Morals- Values and beliefs embody and reinforce democratic principles.
3. Transformative- Includes process of self – reflection and redefinition of
individuals, institutions and communities.

Community

Person

Levels of individuals Institution

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 Aspects in Developing Filipino Institutional Factors Macro-Factors at
the Societal
Identity
*Family *Immediate
community with which
Individuals Attitudes and *Church readily identifies
one’s self
Traits *School *Less intimate
grouping of which one
*Dualism of Filipino Traits *Media is a member
(negative and positive) *Government
*Colonial/Accomodative *Non-Government
Surface Value (hiya, utang *people’s organization
na loob, pakikisama)
*Pivotal Interpersonal
Value (pakiramdam)
*Lingking/socio-personal
Value (kagandahang-
Loob)
*Associated Societal
Value (karangalan
Katarungan, kasaysayan)

Establishing a Democratic Culture

Sense of community and public good and empowerment of people are central
questions to consider in the development of democracy agenda. The following
frameworks were used as a guide in the development of action agenda.
According to Diokno 1999, in her article Becoming a Filipino Citizen, Perspective
on Citizenship and Democracy, the agenda was crafted in September 1996
conference in which perceptions of citizenship and democracy from different
standpoint were discussed.

March and Olsen’s Framework of Przeworski’s Concept of Effective

Citizenship
Democratic Political Development

*Building institution that civilize *official conduct in accordance with the

law.
expressions of solidarity and *A judicial system applied equally to all,
confrontation of conflict among *Social conditions for the exercise of
citizens right.
identities.
*Forming specific identities
(character, habits of though
Sense of reality and codes of conduct)

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 that fit into and support a democratic
political order.
*sense of solidarity that connects the
Individual to a broad political
Community of others and organize
Others and organizes other belongings
In a way that enriches the community.

Based on the following frameworks, the democratic agenda was crafted.

1. Improve the political and social environment and reduce poverty through
structural reforms in order to foster a sense of community and enable citizens
to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations.
2. Continually re-examine social institutions responsible for value formation so
that they can inculcate, rather than indoctrinate, democratic citizenship
values.
3. Incorporate cross-cultural activities in public and private sector programs,
including those of schools, churches, NGOs and Pos, so as to recognize
ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity in the country and encourage the sharing
of experiences.
4. Further promote the use of Filipino and Philippines languages in all
transactions so as to enable the articulation of citizenship and democratic
views and values.
5. Continue to hamess institutional as well as infomal mechanisms that open up
space for the exercise of citizenship and democracy.

Required Reading/s:

Doronilla, ML (1997). An overview of Filipino perspectives on democracy and

citizenship. In
Perspectives in citizenship and democracy (pp 69_112). UP TWSC.
Diokno, MS (1997). Becoming a Filipino citizen. In perspectives on citizenship and
democracy (pp 17 -38), UP TWSC.

Zialcita, F. (1997), Barries and bridges to a democratic culture. In perspectives on

citizenship and democracy (pp39_68). UP TWSC.

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 CHAPTER 11

Digital Self: Self and others in Cyberspace

I, Me and Myself and My User ID Online

What is the difference between me mine myself and I?
Digital self is a mask we put on to draw in the innovative world. With the digital
technologies such as web pages, online games, virtual worlds, social media, smart
phones, Internet, self- extension is extensive. Objects that one’s possess can truly
extend the self, as when an instrument or weapon enables us to get things done of
which we would somehow, or another be unable. Belonging can likewise
emblematically extend self. Satre explained that the reason we want to have
something is to enlarge our sense of self and that the only way we can know who we
are is by observing what we have. Belk (1988) presented the concept of the
extended self:
1.Dematerialization 2. Re-embodiment 3. Sharing 4. Co-construction of self. 5.
Distributed memory.
Dematerialization means a process of converting your physical shares and securities
into a digital or electronic form. Dematerialization has changed in digital world as
belk describes our possessions such as photos, videos, music and information are
now all ‘’ immaterial ‘and can all be stored on our electronic devices where we can
view them whenever we want with the click of a button. Like for example product
dematerialization is the transition from physical CDs and newspapers to digital MP3s
and mobile applications, While the Re- embodiment a quality or idea, you mean that
is their most noticeable characteristic or the basis of all they do. Then the Co-
construction refers to collaboration of three elements that play a part of a child’s
learning exploration. First element refers specifically to the individual child, how child
learns and their prior knowledge. Second element is the learning environment itself.
Many educators believe that by creating a learning space that is provoking, neat, and
easily accessible lends itself to the learning of each child. When you create your
learning space with thoughtfulness and respect to the materials, you invited children
to do same. Recognize and acknowledge that the space and materials will become
messy and scattered, but you’ve given space to be excited and provoked by
materials. Then third Co-construction of self refers to active learning and it is
cognitive development stems from social interactions from guided learning with
proximal development as children and their partners co-construct knowledge.

This reasonable refresh looks to renew the idea, consolidate the effects of
digitization, and give a comprehension of consumer feeling of self in the present
innovative condition. It is essentially a work in advance, for the computerized
condition and our conduct inside it keep on evolving. Be that as it may, some vital
changes are now certain. Five changes with advanced utilization are viewed as that
effect the idea of self and the idea of belonging. Required alterations and increments
to the extended self are laid out, and bearing for future research are recommended.
The advanced world opens a large group of new implies for self-extension utilizing
numerous new items to come to an incomprehensively more extensive crowd.
Despite the fact that this requires certain reformulations, the fundamental idea of the
extended self stays crucial-being a final or very important decision.

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BELK’S SUMMARY OF DIGITAL MODIFICATION OF THE EXTENDED SELF

DIGITAL DIMENSION SELF POSSESSION

Dematerialization
Re-embodiment
Sharing
Co-construction Self
Distributed Memory
Selective Presentation and Impression Management
Avatars affect offline self,
multiplicity of selves
Self-revelation, loss of
control
Affirmation of self-building
aggregate extended self;
Attachment to virtual
possessions in video
games’’.
Narrative of self
Attachment to and
singularization of virtual
possessions; almost, but
not quite the same.
Attach to Avatars
Aggregate possessions;
sense of shared place
online.
Digital clutter, digital cues
to sense of past.

Self-presentation is behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself

or some image of oneself to other people. These behaviors are activated by the
evaluative presence of other people and by others knowledge of one’s behavior. In
new situations, many people would like to impress and become self-conscious.
People behave in ways designed to create a favorable impression or even to one’s
ideals. Humans are social animals and regulate our behavior to fit in world or adjust
it to impression that we desire. People monitor their behavior, observe how others
react and adjust their performance to create a desired impression.

Two Types of Self-Presentation

1. Pleasing the Audience- This type of self-presentation which try to match self
to the audience’s expectations and preferences.
2. Self-construction-This type of self-presentation tries to match oneself to one’s
own ideal self. The expression of the audience-pleasing motive varies across
situations.

Multiple Aspects of the self

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 Haggins(1987) Argues that there are three domains of the self; the actual self,
the ideal self, and the ought self.

1. Actual self- this refers to the attributes an individual possesses.

2. Ideal Self- this refers to the attributes an individual would ideally possess.
3. Ought self- this refers to the attributes an individual ought to possess.

According to Higgins, the discrepancies between the actual self and idea
self leads to feelings of dejection. Our sense of self helps recognize our
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Our overall self-evaluation fail, they
sustain their self-worth by looking at others failure.

Ideal
Ought
Real
Multiple Aspects of the self

Impact of Online Interaction on Self

Computer-Mediated Communication

Computer-Mediated Communication encompasses human communication involving

several exchanges through various platforms such as text, audio, and/or video
messages. A CMC interaction occurs through various types of networking
technology and software, including email, internet relay chat(IRC) ,Instant
messaging(IM), Usenet and mailing list servers. An interesting discussion can stem
from a comparison of how we are construct our identity in real world, versus how we
construct it in the online world. As Dutton(1996) points out, that technology can work
two ways-open or close social choices. Individuals shape the impact of technology
has on their lives by choosing which technology to use and how to use it.

Boundaries of Self Online

The line between offline and online self has become blurred. Since people nowadays
are becoming more connected digitally, self- identity is becoming more fashioned in
transmedia paradigm. In the present culture of constant connectivity, the Internet is
coordinated into our lives with the end goal that the experience of being on the web
is subjectivity not quite the same as before.
Required Reading/s; Belk, R. (2013) Extended self in a digital world. Journal of
consumer research.40.3.477-500.

Ellison, et al.(2006) Managing impressions online; self-presentation processes in

online dating environment. Journal of computer mediated communication 11.414-
441. Dol 10.111/j.1083-61012006.00020x

References:
I’m reading understanding-the -self.pdf on Scribed:
Htts://www. Scribd.com/document/421953324/understanding-the self-pdf.

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